Age-Related Retinal Degeneration in Dogs: Causes and Care

There are several eye problems that can affect dogs, from hereditary disorders common within certain breeds to age-related issues such as cataracts or injuries. Among the most prevalent problems in older dogs is age-related retinal degeneration, which impacts their vision and quality of life.

The retina acts like a camera's film, receiving visual data and sending it to the brain for processing. The macula, a specialised part of the retina, is responsible for sharp central vision and is rich in photoreceptive cells. When this area degenerates, dogs lose their central vision but retain peripheral sight.

Understanding the Retina and Macular Degeneration in Dogs

Macular degeneration involves a gradual breakdown of the macula, occasionally causing a hole to form. This degeneration is usually a progressive age-related condition rather than sudden trauma, though injury can sometimes cause similar damage.

Who Is at Risk for Retinal Degeneration?

Typically, retinal degeneration affects dogs aged seven and older, with most cases occurring in dogs over ten years old. While the exact causes are not fully understood, hereditary factors contribute significantly, especially in breeds like the Briard and Siberian Husky. Lifestyle factors such as prolonged exposure to bright sunlight and obesity may also increase the risk.

Symptoms of Retinal Degeneration in Dogs

• Reliance on peripheral vision with frequent head movement to compensate for central vision loss.
• Difficulty recognising or seeing objects directly ahead.
• Reluctance to climb stairs or navigate curbs due to impaired depth perception.
• Increased frequency of accidental bumps or misjudging distances.
• Light sensitivity resulting in squinting or avoidance of bright environments.

Progressive Retinal Atrophy (PRA): A Common Form of Retinal Degeneration

Progressive Retinal Atrophy (PRA) is an inherited condition that leads to gradual degeneration of photoreceptor cells, starting with night vision loss and progressing to complete blindness. It typically shows signs between five and twelve years of age, averaging around ten years.

Genetic testing for PRA is important in breeding to prevent passing the condition to puppies. Unfortunately, there is no cure, but supplements such as antioxidants, omega-3 fatty acids, and vitamins A and E may help slow progression.

Diagnosis and Veterinary Care

If you observe symptoms suggesting vision loss, it is crucial to have your dog examined by a vet or veterinary ophthalmologist. They will distinguish between normal age-related changes, such as nuclear sclerosis (lens hardening), and pathological retinal degeneration.

Early diagnosis enables better management and ensures other treatable eye conditions are ruled out.

Caring for Dogs with Vision Loss

Dogs often adapt well to gradual vision loss, using their other senses to navigate. Owners should make adjustments around the home:

• Maintain consistent furniture layouts to avoid confusion.
• Provide tactile or scent cues to assist navigation.
• Ensure safe, gentle outdoor environments and use leashes to prevent accidents.
• Offer patience and reassurance during their adjustment period.

Promoting Responsible Ownership and Breeding

Responsible ownership includes regular vet check-ups and high-quality nutrition supporting eye health. Reputable breeders carry out genetic screening to minimise hereditary retinal diseases like PRA.

If considering a breed prone to retinal degeneration, seeking reputable breeders who test for genetic conditions is essential.

Conclusion

Age-related retinal degeneration, including Progressive Retinal Atrophy, is a common cause of vision loss in older dogs. While incurable, early detection, veterinary care, and thoughtful home adjustments help your dog maintain a good quality of life. Understanding risk factors, symptoms, and care strategies empowers owners to support their pets compassionately throughout the ageing process.