Aplastic Anaemia in Dogs: Causes, Symptoms & Treatment

Aplastic anaemia in dogs is a serious condition where the bone marrow fails to produce enough red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets. This leaves dogs vulnerable to infections, bleeding, and other health issues that can be life-threatening if not treated promptly. Early veterinary intervention and supportive care are essential for the best possible outcome.

Understanding Aplastic Anaemia in Dogs

Aplastic anaemia occurs when a dog’s bone marrow becomes unable to generate sufficient quantities of the three vital types of blood cells: red blood cells, which carry oxygen; white blood cells, which fight infections; and platelets, which help blood clot. This condition is also known as pancytopenia due to the reduction of all these cells.

The condition may develop due to a variety of causes including bone marrow disease, exposure to toxins, certain medications, infections like canine parvovirus or ehrlichiosis, or radiation. Sometimes, the cause remains unknown, making diagnosis and treatment more challenging.

Common Symptoms to Watch For

The symptoms of aplastic anaemia in dogs depend on which blood cells are most affected and the severity of the condition. Typical signs you may notice include:

• Pale gums and mucous membranes indicating anaemia
• Persistent and recurring infections that seem resistant to treatment
• Unexplained bruising or red and purple spots on the skin caused by bleeding under the skin (petechiae)
• Blood in urine (haematuria) or dark, tarry stools due to bleeding in the gut (melena)
• Chronic nosebleeds (epistaxis)
• Lethargy, weakness, and general lack of energy
• Fever

Causes and Risk Factors

Dogs can develop aplastic anaemia for several reasons, including:

• Infections such as canine parvovirus and Ehrlichiosis
• Reaction to certain drugs like NSAIDs, chemotherapy, radiotherapy, or estrogen
• Exposure to toxins or chemicals
• Immune-mediated destruction of bone marrow cells

Understanding these causes helps vets determine the appropriate treatment strategy.

Diagnosis by Your Vet

If you suspect your dog is showing symptoms related to aplastic anaemia, prompt veterinary assessment is crucial. The vet will:

• Take a detailed medical history focusing on symptom onset and any exposure to medications or toxins
• Perform a thorough physical examination
• Recommend essential tests including a complete blood count, biochemistry profile, urinalysis, and critically, a bone marrow biopsy to confirm marrow failure

Treatment Steps and Support

Treatment depends on a thorough diagnosis but generally includes:

• Hospitalisation for close monitoring and supportive care
• Blood transfusions to manage severe anaemia and improve oxygen delivery
• Immunosuppressive medications like cyclosporine or corticosteroids to reduce immune system attacks on marrow
• Antibiotics to treat or prevent infections resulting from low white cell counts
• Nutrition and hydration support to maintain strength during recovery

In some advanced cases, vets may use growth factors to stimulate bone marrow recovery, but these options depend on individual cases.

Prognosis and Long-Term Care

Unfortunately, aplastic anaemia in dogs is a grave condition with generally poor prognosis, especially in severe cases. However, younger dogs diagnosed early have a better chance of recovery with intensive treatment. Recovery can be prolonged, often requiring several months of ongoing care and monitoring.

Responsible pet ownership involves early recognition of symptoms and regular veterinary check-ups to manage underlying health risks. Ensuring your dog avoids exposure to known toxins and medications that could harm their bone marrow is crucial for prevention.