Brucellosis in Dogs: Signs, Testing & Treatment Guide

It can be surprising for dog owners and breeders to learn that dogs can carry and transmit sexually transmitted diseases which affect breeding dogs and their puppies. Puppies may be at risk from these infections. Brucellosis is one of the most serious venereal diseases in dogs, easily passed during mating and from mother to puppies. This bacterial infection also poses zoonotic risks, meaning it can transfer to humans and other animals through everyday contact. It is important for professional breeders and hobbyists alike to understand brucellosis to protect the health of their dogs and future litters.

What Is Brucellosis?

Brucellosis is a bacterial infection caused mainly by Brucella canis, the strain primarily affecting dogs. However, other strains can also infect dogs. The bacteria targets the reproductive organs, often leading to miscarriage, stillbirths, or neonatal death as it passes to puppies in the womb or via the dam's milk. If left untreated in adult dogs, brucellosis can cause infertility, painful joint inflammation (arthritis), eye infections, spinal disc inflammation, and kidney and urinary tract problems. Recognising these signs early is crucial for timely intervention.

How Do Dogs Become Infected?

Transmission commonly occurs through mating, making testing in breeding dogs essential. Puppies can become infected in utero or through nursing their mother. The bacteria are present in urine, faeces, vaginal discharge, semen, and other bodily fluids. Dogs sniffing or contacting contaminated faeces or bedding can also contract brucellosis. The bacteria survive in the environment on surfaces like bedding or feeding bowls for weeks or even months but can be effectively eliminated with proper disinfectants or bleach.

Testing and Prevention for Breeding Dogs

Testing is crucial for any dog used for breeding, particularly stud dogs who service multiple bitches. Many responsible breeders require prior certification proving dogs are free from brucellosis to minimise risks. A blood slide test can detect the presence of brucellosis bacteria, though positive results may need further confirmation due to potential false positives. Dogs testing positive should be isolated immediately to prevent spreading the disease. Other dogs housed closely with positive cases also need testing. Due to lifelong carrier status risk after infection, dogs with confirmed brucellosis should not be used for breeding again.

Treatment and Managing Brucellosis

Treatment involves lengthy antibiotic courses to eliminate the infection. Doxycycline is commonly prescribed, though vets might select alternatives like streptomycin or tetracycline to protect kidney function, especially since brucellosis itself can affect the kidneys. Treatment usually requires several weeks of medication with re-testing to confirm clearance. During this period, infected dogs should be handled cautiously to prevent transmission to other dogs and humans.

Although treated dogs generally recover well and remain healthy, they may continue to carry the bacteria without symptoms, representing a risk to others. Untreated brucellosis can lead to severe complications, including chronic arthritis, eye disorders, and spinal issues requiring additional care.

Why Responsible Breeding and Care Matter

Brucellosis highlights the importance of responsible breeding and regular health screening. Using reputable breeders who prioritise health testing significantly reduces this risk. Proper hygiene, testing before mating, and isolating infected dogs are vital. This care protects not only individual animals but also the wider dog community and public health.

Summary and Next Steps

Brucellosis is a serious, contagious bacterial disease primarily affecting the reproductive system of dogs and their puppies. It can cause infertility, miscarriages, and other health problems. Responsible dog owners and breeders should ensure testing is conducted before breeding, maintain excellent hygiene, and seek veterinary advice immediately if infection is suspected or confirmed. Proper treatment and management are crucial to control this disease and safeguard canine and human health.

For those considering breeding or acquiring a dog, always ask for health clearances and choose puppies from responsible sources. This approach helps maintain healthy, happy dogs and supports ethical pet ownership.