Cairn Terrier Health: A Complete Guide to Hereditary Wellness

The Cairn terrier is a small, energetic breed originating from the Scottish Highlands and is one of the oldest terrier breeds in the UK. Standing up to 13 inches tall and weighing up to 15lbs, these lively dogs possess a rough, shaggy topcoat over a soft undercoat, and are found in colours including black, grey, cream, red, and brindle.

Historically referred to as the short-haired Skye terrier, the Cairn terrier was developed on the Isle of Skye before being renamed to distinguish it from the distinct Skye terrier breed.

Known for their robust constitution, Cairn terriers generally enjoy good health and a long lifespan. However, as with all pedigree breeds, they have hereditary health predispositions. Responsible breeders and potential owners should be aware of these to support their dog’s health and wellbeing. This guide covers key hereditary health concerns, longevity, and wellness practices essential for responsible Cairn terrier ownership.

Understanding Cairn Terrier Longevity

Cairn terriers typically live between 12 and 17 years. Variations in lifespan often correlate with hereditary health issues, so selecting dogs from lines screened for genetic health concerns can improve longevity and quality of life.

Key Hereditary Health Concerns in Cairn Terriers

Genetic and Blood Disorders

• Globoid Cell Leukodystrophy (GCL): A serious inherited neurological disorder affecting puppies from about 6 to 22 weeks old, leading to muscle weakness, tremors, and paralysis. This autosomal recessive condition can be managed through selective breeding to avoid affected puppies.
• Pyruvate Kinase Deficiency (PKD): A genetic enzyme deficiency in red blood cells causing haemolytic anaemia, which results in lethargy, pale gums, and poor exercise tolerance. Genetic screening is essential to reduce incidence.
• Congenital Macrothrombocytopenia (CM): A generally benign blood condition characterised by a low platelet count but usually no bleeding problems. It is inherited autosomal recessively.
• Haemophilia B (Factor IX Deficiency): An X-linked bleeding disorder that increases the risk of excessive bleeding with injury. Carrier testing guides breeding decisions to avoid producing affected dogs.

Musculoskeletal Issues

• Craniomandibular Osteopathy (CMO): A painful bone growth disorder in the jaw appearing in juveniles typically aged 3 to 8 months; it causes difficulty chewing and jaw pain. The condition is inherited in an autosomal dominant pattern with incomplete penetrance in this breed.
• Legge-Calve-Perthes Disease: Progressive degeneration of the femoral head leading to lameness and pain in young dogs, usually under one year old. Treatment often requires surgery.
• Hip Dysplasia: Less common in Cairns than in larger breeds, hip dysplasia causes abnormal hip joint development and may result in arthritis or mobility difficulties. Responsible breeding and screening can help minimise this risk.

Liver and Eye Conditions

• Portosystemic Liver Shunt (PSS): A congenital condition affecting blood flow through the liver, leading to toxin accumulation, stunted growth, and neurological symptoms. It requires veterinary diagnosis and may be managed with surgery, diet, and medication.
• Eye Disorders: Cairns can be prone to glaucoma, cataracts, and distichiasis (extra eyelashes). These conditions may cause pain or vision loss but can benefit from early veterinary intervention and monitoring.

Genetic Diversity and Health Testing

The Cairn terrier has a relatively low coefficient of inbreeding at around 6.8%, which is positive for breed health. Nevertheless, breeders should strive to keep this figure low in their lines through careful mating choices.

The British Veterinary Association offers specific health screening, such as tests for diffuse ocular melanosis—a pigment disorder affecting the eyes. DNA testing for hereditary flaws is also available, including screening for haemophilia B, Krabbe disease (another name for globoid cell leukodystrophy), and pyruvate kinase deficiency.

Additional recommended testing includes bile acid tests for puppies, which assist in identifying liver function issues early.

Managing Other Hereditary Conditions

Many other conditions with genetic components have been identified in the breed. While no pre-breeding tests exist for some of these, awareness and vigilance are vital. These include:

• Autoimmune hepatitis, a chronic liver disease.
• Von Willebrand’s disease, a blood clotting disorder.
• Patellar luxation causing kneecap dislocation.
• Atopic allergies and dermatitis leading to skin irritation and infection.
• Type 1 diabetes requiring insulin treatment.
• Certain cancers such as cutaneous melanomas and sebaceous adenomas.
• Cranio-mandibular osteopathy (jaw bone abnormalities).
• Neurological disorders, some serious in nature.
• Liver and kidney ailments, including polycystic disease.
• Portosystemic shunt related to circulatory issues involving the liver.

Wellness Recommendations for Cairn Terrier Owners

• Purchase your Cairn terrier from reputable breeders who perform recommended genetic testing and maintain low inbreeding coefficients.
• Schedule regular veterinary examinations that include eye and joint health assessments.
• Monitor your Cairn for early signs of health issues, such as limping, persistent itching, changes in vision, or lethargy.
• Provide a balanced diet and appropriate regular exercise to support overall wellbeing and joint health.
• Consider pet insurance that includes coverage for hereditary conditions, especially as your dog ages.

In conclusion, while Cairn terriers are generally a robust breed with a good lifespan, being informed of their hereditary health risks and partnering with responsible breeders ensures a rewarding companionship. Good wellness management, genetic screening, and proactive veterinary care are the pillars of a happy, healthy Cairn terrier life.