Can dogs lose their sense of smell? Causes and care

The dog's sense of smell is their most remarkable and relied-upon sense, crucial for experiencing and interpreting the world. While loss of sight or hearing can impair a dog, losing or even reducing their ability to smell can profoundly change their daily life and wellbeing.

Dogs can experience a diminished sense of smell for various reasons—from natural aging processes to infections or neurological issues. This article explores why dogs lose their scenting ability, how to recognise it, and what you can do to support your pet through these changes.

The incredible canine nose and how it works

Unlike humans, dogs have a moisture-rich nose surface filled with scent receptors that capture and decode aroma molecules. This moistness is essential to preserving scents and enhancing sensitivity. You may notice your dog licking their nose, which helps keep it moist and sharp for detecting smells.

Dogs generally sniff gently and shallowly. When they exhale, scents are quickly released to concentrate on new smells without confusion. However, if a dog is panting—common when overheated or tired—the dryness and rapid breathing can reduce scent detection by up to 40%, temporarily impairing their sense of smell.

Common causes of loss or reduction of smell in dogs

Several factors can interfere with a dog's olfactory abilities:

• Infections and allergies: Nasal infections such as bacterial, viral, or fungal infections, allergies like pollen sensitivity, or sinusitis can block or irritate nasal passages, reducing smell.
• Nasal obstructions: Foreign objects, growths, or tumours in the nose, particularly in older dogs, can damage scent receptors.
• Dental disease: Poor oral health can impact nasal passages, indirectly affecting smell.
• Neurological issues and toxins: Nerve damage or exposure to certain toxins can impair the brain's processing of olfactory information.
• Aging: As dogs approach and surpass 7-8 years of age, a gradual decline in scent acuity typically begins, alongside other sensory declines such as hearing and taste.

Age-related sensory decline and its impact

Aging is a natural process that brings a mild but noticeable reduction in a dog's sensory capabilities, including their sense of smell. While complete loss of smell (anosmia) is rare, a reduction often causes changes in behaviour and appetite. For example, an older dog may show less enthusiasm for regular meals but crave strongly scented foods instead, as smell and taste are closely linked.

Working and hunting dogs, which rely heavily on scent, are often retired earlier than other dogs to prevent frustration and maintain their quality of life.

Recognising reduced scenting ability in your dog

Signs that your dog may have lost or is losing their sense of smell include:

• Reduced interest or enthusiasm in food and treats.
• Difficulty following scent trails or less sniffing behaviour during walks.
• Increased confusion or seeming to get lost in familiar environments.
• Excessive panting or nose licking due to discomfort or dryness.

It's important to consult a veterinarian if you notice these signs, as early diagnosis can lead to better management and treatment.

Supporting dogs with reduced smell: care and management tips

Though some causes of smell loss are permanent, many conditions are treatable or manageable. Here are helpful tips for supporting your dog:

• Regular veterinary check-ups: Ensure your dog has frequent health exams to catch infections or nasal issues early.
• Maintain nasal moisture: Keep your dog's nose clean and moist, and avoid exposure to dry or dusty environments.
• Manage allergies and infections: Work with your vet on allergy treatments or antibiotics if infections are present.
• Provide stimulating environments: Use toys, scent games, and new smells to keep your dog's interest and mental engagement.
• Monitor diet and appetite: Offer palatable, aromatic foods if your dog's appetite declines, while consulting your vet on diet changes.

When to seek veterinary care

If your dog shows a significant or sudden loss of smell, repeated nosebleeds, persistent sneezing, nasal discharge, or difficulty breathing through the nose, these could indicate more serious conditions like tumours or severe infections requiring immediate veterinary attention.

Regular and gentle care, early consultation, and understanding your aging dog's changing needs can help maintain their comfort and happiness even when their sniffing power wanes.