Canine Coronavirus (CCV) in Dogs: Causes, Symptoms & Treatment

Canine coronavirus (CCV) is a contagious viral infection affecting dogs worldwide, primarily targeting the intestinal tract. It is distinct from the coronavirus causing human COVID-19 and is not transmissible to people. This infection affects dogs of all ages but is especially concerning in puppies, older dogs, and those with compromised immune systems.

Two main types of canine coronavirus exist: the enteric (intestinal) coronavirus and the respiratory coronavirus, each spreading and affecting dogs differently.

What causes coronavirus in dogs?

Enteric Canine Coronavirus (CCoV) causes intestinal infections and spreads mainly through oral contact with faeces from infected dogs. Dogs can shed the virus in their faeces for up to two weeks, and may remain carriers, shedding the virus intermittently for as long as six months. Transmission often occurs in facilities where dogs gather in close contact, such as boarding kennels, dog shows, or dog parks, especially if hygiene is poor.

Respiratory Canine Coronavirus (CRCoV) spreads via respiratory secretions, direct contact between dogs, or contaminated objects like blankets or toys. It causes respiratory symptoms rather than gastrointestinal ones.

What are the symptoms of canine coronavirus?

Symptoms vary in severity and type depending on the coronavirus strain and the dog's health status:

• Loss of appetite, depression, and lethargy
• Vomiting and diarrhoea, which can be explosive or watery and sometimes contain blood
• Fever and high temperature
• Dehydration, especially in puppies and vulnerable dogs
• In severe respiratory cases, coughing and breathing difficulties

In many adult dogs, symptoms are mild or absent, but puppies and immunocompromised dogs are more at risk of serious illness. When combined with other infections like canine parvovirus, the infection can be far more severe.

How is canine coronavirus diagnosed?

Symptoms of canine coronavirus overlap with other digestive and infectious diseases, making diagnosis challenging. Vets typically use urine analysis and blood panels to help confirm the presence of the virus.

In some cases, serology tests or specific antibody testing may be recommended to differentiate CCV from other infections.

How is canine coronavirus treated?

Treatment depends on the severity of symptoms and the dog's immune status. Puppies and severely affected dogs may require hospitalisation for intravenous fluids, antiviral treatments, antibiotics for secondary infections, and close nursing care.

For healthy adult dogs with mild symptoms, supportive care at home usually suffices, and recovery often occurs without medical intervention. Importantly, infected dogs must be isolated to prevent the virus spreading to other dogs.

Good hygiene practices, such as disinfecting areas contaminated with faeces and preventing contact with infected dogs, are critical in managing the disease.

Is there a vaccine for canine coronavirus?

A vaccination for canine coronavirus exists but is considered a non-core vaccine in the UK. It is not routinely given to all dogs but may be recommended for dogs at higher risk such as show dogs, dogs frequently kennelled, or those with weakened immunity.

This vaccine specifically protects against the enteric form of the virus and does not protect against the respiratory coronavirus or human coronaviruses.

Preventing canine coronavirus infection

Preventive steps include:

• Maintaining good hygiene in kennels and areas where dogs congregate
• Avoiding overcrowding and stressful conditions
• Isolating dogs showing symptoms or confirmed infections
• Considering vaccination for at-risk dogs after a vet consultation

Responsible dog ownership and awareness of canine coronavirus help protect your dog and others in the community.