Canine endocarditis: Causes, symptoms and treatment
Canine endocarditis is a serious heart condition caused by a bacterial or fungal infection affecting the heart's valves. Although not common, it more frequently affects certain breeds and can be life-threatening if not diagnosed and treated early.
This guide provides a comprehensive overview of canine endocarditis, helping dog owners understand causes, symptoms, diagnosis methods, and treatment options to support responsible care.
What causes endocarditis in dogs?
Endocarditis develops when bacteria or fungi enter the bloodstream through infections or wounds and settle on the heart valves, triggering inflammation and damage. The infection spreads systemically and primarily affects the mitral and aortic valves, although less commonly the tricuspid valve might be involved.
Risk factors increasing susceptibility include:
- Weakened immune system in puppies, elderly dogs, or immunocompromised pets
- Pre-existing heart valve damage
- Intermediate infections such as dental disease, urinary tract infections, or skin abscesses
- Large breed dogs, particularly Golden retrievers, Labrador retrievers, and German shepherds
- Male dogs over four years old show slightly higher incidence
Recognising symptoms of canine endocarditis
Early signs of endocarditis can be subtle, but symptoms tend to progress quickly as the heart's function declines. Key symptoms include:
- Reduced exercise tolerance and stamina
- Persistent coughing, usually dry and unproductive
- Shortness of breath or difficulty breathing
- Fatigue and general weakness
- Rapid or unexplained weight loss
- Possible fever and lethargy
Because these symptoms overlap with other heart or respiratory conditions, veterinary diagnosis is essential.
Diagnostic methods for canine endocarditis
A veterinary professional will use a combination of clinical signs and diagnostic tests, including:
- Blood tests showing elevated white blood cell count indicating infection
- Ultrasound (echocardiography) to assess valve inflammation and heart enlargement
- Chest X-rays to observe heart size and lung condition
- Electrocardiogram (ECG) for rhythm abnormalities
Timely diagnosis is critical to managing this condition effectively.
Treatment options and prognosis
When diagnosed early, canine endocarditis may respond to antibiotics or antifungal treatments tailored to the underlying infection. Additional therapies can include anti-arrhythmic medications to manage abnormal heart rhythms if present.
In advanced cases where organ damage and congestive heart failure occur, the prognosis is guarded and treatment often focuses on managing symptoms and improving quality of life.
If you suspect your dog has any signs of infection or heart difficulties, promptly consult your vet. Early intervention can significantly improve outcomes and prevent progression.
Supporting your dog's heart health
Promoting overall health and promptly addressing infections are the best ways to prevent serious conditions like endocarditis. Maintain routine veterinary care, ensure vaccinations and dental health, and monitor your dog’s wellbeing, especially for at-risk breeds like Golden retrievers, Labrador retrievers, and German shepherds.
