Canine Parainfluenza: Symptoms, Causes & Treatment for Dogs

Canine parainfluenza is a contagious viral respiratory infection that affects dogs, caused by the canine parainfluenza virus (CPIV), a member of the Paramyxoviridae family. It is a significant contributor to the canine infectious respiratory disease complex, commonly known as kennel cough. Although originating from a horse virus, it now spreads exclusively between dogs and cannot be caught by humans or cats.

This condition is sometimes nicknamed "race flu" or "Greyhound disease" due to its rapid spread in places where dogs are kept close together, like kennels or racing tracks. However, it affects dogs of all breeds and types equally. Every dog owner should understand canine parainfluenza’s risks, symptoms, and preventative measures.

1. What causes canine parainfluenza infection?

CPIV is transmitted primarily through airborne respiratory droplets emitted when infected dogs cough or sneeze, as well as through direct contact with contaminated items such as food bowls, bedding, or kennel surfaces. Infected dogs can continue to spread the virus for up to two weeks after symptoms resolve, posing a sustained risk to other dogs.

2. Situations that place dogs at risk

Environments where dogs come into close contact with each other create the highest risk for spreading canine parainfluenza. These include boarding kennels, dog daycares, shelters, dog shows, and grooming parlours. Even casual contact in dog parks and on walks may expose dogs to the virus. Owners of dogs in multi-dog households should practise attentive hygiene and consider vaccination.

3. Recognising canine parainfluenza symptoms

Symptoms vary in severity but may include one or more of the following:

• Persistent dry, hacking cough, worse during or after exercise
• Low-grade fever and elevated body temperature
• Runny nose with nasal discharge that may be clear or mucous
• Sneezing fits
• Eye irritation, such as inflammation, watery eyes, or conjunctivitis
• Signs of lethargy, depression, and reduced appetite

Older dogs, puppies, and those with weakened immune systems are especially vulnerable to more severe illness, including pneumonia.

4. Diagnosing canine parainfluenza

If you suspect your dog has canine parainfluenza, prompt veterinary examination is essential. Your vet may perform blood tests to detect the virus and may recommend chest X-rays to check for respiratory complications like pneumonia. Early diagnosis supports effective treatment and helps prevent spread by isolating infected dogs.

5. Treatment options for canine parainfluenza

Treatment primarily focuses on managing symptoms and preventing secondary infections. Antibiotics are often prescribed to tackle bacterial co-infections such as Bordetella bronchiseptica, which commonly accompany the viral infection. Antiviral therapies and supportive care like intravenous fluids may be necessary in severe cases. Cough suppressants and pain relief medications can alleviate discomfort caused by persistent coughing.

6. Prognosis and recovery

The outcome depends on your dog's overall health and the severity of infection. Most dogs recover with prompt treatment and supportive care. However, untreated or severe cases can lead to lung tissue damage and chronic respiratory problems. Vaccination significantly reduces risk and severity, although the parainfluenza vaccine is usually an optional addition, not always included in core vaccinations.

7. Preventing canine parainfluenza and responsible care

Vaccination is an important preventative tool. Discuss with your vet whether the canine parainfluenza vaccine is appropriate for your dog, especially if they frequent social environments like kennels, shelters, or dog parks. Maintaining good hygiene, minimising exposure to potentially infected dogs, and isolating any dog showing symptoms protect your pet and the wider dog community.

Understanding canine parainfluenza’s symptoms, risks, and treatment options helps dog owners provide swift, compassionate care and supports responsible pet ownership.

For more information on finding puppies or responsible reputable breeders, always prioritise health screening and vaccination protocols to protect your new companion from contagious diseases like parainfluenza.