Cats as Zoo Animals: The Controversy of Hemingway's Polydactyl Cats

Polydactyl cats, often called 'cats with thumbs', are fascinating domestic cats distinguished by a genetic mutation causing extra toes on their front paws. This mutation does not harm their movement or development, and in some cases may enhance their dexterity. Despite their unique trait, these polydactyl cats are simply domestic cats and share the same genus and species as any other pet cat worldwide. The story takes an unusual turn with a large colony of such cats in Key West, Florida, which were controversially classified as zoo animals by the US Department of Agriculture (USDA). Read on to understand this unique situation and its impact on the cats and their caretakers.

What Are the Hemingway Cats?

The Hemingway cats comprise a colony of approximately 40 to 60 polydactyl cats residing on the grounds of the Ernest Hemingway Home and Museum in Key West, Florida. The late author Ernest Hemingway was gifted a polydactyl cat in the 1930s, which was bred over generations to produce the current colony. Visitors frequently cite these unique cats as a highlight of the museum visit. Most of the cats are spayed or neutered to maintain population control, with a few deliberately left entire to preserve the lineage. They have the freedom to roam the property and have lived there continuously for over 80 years, cared for by devoted staff who treat them much like domestic pets.

What Sparked the Controversy Over the Hemingway Cats?

The controversy began when an anonymous visitor expressed concerns about the cats' care, their freedom to roam, and their numbers to the USDA. Following an investigation, the USDA declared the cats to be zoo animals because they are a significant attraction at a ticketed museum property. This classification subjected the cats to regulations designed for zoo animal care rather than domestic pet care, sparking a legal dispute about the implications for the cats' lifestyle and welfare.

Implications of Being Classified as Zoo Animals

This reclassification requires the museum to comply with stringent zoo animal welfare regulations. These include tagging and identifying every cat, providing raised and designated sleeping areas, and most controversially, keeping the cats locked in cages overnight. This marked a significant change from their previous freedom to wander the grounds and choose their resting places, which caretakers and animal advocates argue could negatively affect the cats' quality of life.

Legal Battles and Current Status

In 2012, the US court of appeals upheld the USDA's decision despite challenges from the Hemingway Home and Museum. The museum further appealed, but the highest authority, the US Supreme Court, had not yet heard the case as of early 2025. This ongoing legal situation highlights tensions between animal welfare legislation, governmental authority, and traditional pet stewardship practices. The cats continue to be a beloved attraction, but their future conditions may be tightly regulated.

Promoting Responsible and Compassionate Care

The Hemingway cats controversy highlights broader issues related to animal classification, welfare standards, and the fine line between pets and exhibit animals. It stresses the importance of responsible care, community awareness, and legal clarity to ensure animal wellbeing. While the cats are unique due to their polydactyly and historical significance, they remain domestic animals deserving compassionate stewardship. This story serves as a reminder for all pet owners to advocate for their pets’ welfare and engage with legislation that impacts their lives.

For those interested in learning more or supporting efforts to care for these remarkable polydactyl cats, visit the official Hemingway Home and Museum website.