Corneal Dystrophy in Dogs: Causes, Symptoms & Care

Corneal dystrophy is a hereditary eye condition affecting many dog breeds, causing progressive changes to the cornea's clear surface. Both eyes typically show similar signs, and while it is common, it is not linked to other health issues. Understanding this condition helps owners manage their pets' vision health compassionately and responsibly.

Understanding the Types of Corneal Dystrophy in Dogs

There are three main types of corneal dystrophy in dogs, distinguished by the specific corneal layer affected:

• Epithelial corneal dystrophy – affects the surface cell formation of the cornea, causing irregularities.
• Stromal corneal dystrophy – causes cloudiness or opacities in the middle corneal layer, giving the eye a hazy appearance.
• Endothelial corneal dystrophy – involves the inner corneal lining cells, often leading to fluid accumulation and corneal swelling.

Recognising Symptoms: What to Watch For

Symptoms vary depending on the type but often include:

• Grey, white, or silver irregular or circular rings and shapes on the cornea
• Corneal spasms or discomfort in some cases
• Cloudiness or doughnut-shaped (annular) opacities
• Swelling or blisters on the cornea, especially in endothelial dystrophy

While early symptoms generally do not impair vision significantly, endothelial dystrophy can progress to vision impairment. Dogs might show symptoms anytime from six months old up to middle age and beyond. Breeds commonly affected differ by type, such as Shetland Sheepdogs with epithelial dystrophy or Boston Terriers with endothelial dystrophy.

Causes Behind Corneal Dystrophy

Corneal dystrophy is inherited and involves degenerative or abnormal changes to specific layers of the cornea:

• Epithelial dystrophy arises from degenerative abnormalities of the corneal surface cells.
• Stromal dystrophy originates from innate abnormalities in the stromal corneal layer causing lipid deposits.
• Endothelial dystrophy is a degeneration of the corneal lining, often leading to corneal swelling due to fluid buildup.

Diagnostic Process: How Vets Identify Corneal Dystrophy

A veterinarian will conduct a thorough eye examination, often supported by tests to confirm the diagnosis and rule out other issues:

• Review of medical history and pedigree to identify hereditary factors
• Ophthalmic assessment including slit lamp microscopy to examine corneal layers
• Use of fluorescent staining to detect corneal ulcers or abrasions
• Tonometry to measure intraocular pressure and exclude glaucoma
• Blood and urine tests to assess general health

Treatment Options and Management

Treatment depends on the dystrophy type and symptoms present. Supportive care and symptom management are key elements:

• Corneal ulcers: Antibiotic eye ointments to prevent infection.
• Stromal dystrophy: Usually does not need treatment, but regular monitoring is advised.
• Endothelial dystrophy: May involve prescription of hyperosmotic agents to reduce swelling, or surgical procedures like flap surgery in severe cases; some vets may recommend protective contact lenses.

Regular veterinary check-ups are vital to monitor the dog's eye health, especially if pain or changes in vision occur.

Living Well with a Dog Diagnosed with Corneal Dystrophy

Although the corneas of affected dogs often remain cloudy permanently, many maintain good vision and quality of life. Owners should alert their vet immediately if their dog shows signs of discomfort or worsening symptoms. Early intervention can prevent complications and help maintain comfort and sight.