Cranial cruciate ligament rupture in dogs: causes and treatments

The cranial cruciate ligament (CrCL), crucial for stabilising the knee joint in dogs, prevents the shin bone from sliding forward relative to the thigh bone. If this ligament weakens or ruptures, it causes joint instability and often leads to lameness and discomfort.

Unlike humans, where ligament tears usually follow injury, cruciate ligament problems in dogs often stem from degeneration over time. Genetics, body structure, and immune factors likely contribute. It’s more common in certain breeds such as the Rottweiler puppies, Labrador Retriever puppies, and Northern Inuit puppies. Larger and heavier dogs have increased risk. Typically, this condition develops after two years of age, though younger dogs may occasionally be affected.

Symptoms of cranial cruciate ligament rupture in dogs

Symptoms may appear suddenly or develop gradually. Gradual onset often includes progressive stiffness, a limp in one or both hind legs, reluctance to jump or rise from resting positions, and occasionally a clicking sound near the knee. Sudden ruptures might cause immediate pain and severe lameness, sometimes mistaken for an injury from a fall or accident. Dogs might have trouble walking and show clear signs of pain.

Formal diagnosis of cranial cruciate ligament rupture in dogs

A thorough veterinary examination is essential. Muscle wasting around the thigh and thickening around the knee may be observed. The joint may feel unstable upon manipulation, though this can be painful, so sedation is sometimes required. X-rays help assess joint damage and rule out other conditions, aiding in surgical planning.

Treatment options for cranial cruciate ligament rupture

Surgery is usually recommended to restore mobility and reduce pain. Four main surgical techniques exist:

Cranial cruciate ligament replacement

This common surgery replaces the ruptured ligament with an artificial ligament or graft. However, it may not suit large breeds due to possible deterioration over time.

Tibial plateau levelling osteotomy (TPLO)

This procedure alters the tibial plateau angle, fixing it in place with plates and screws. It works well for younger dogs and those with both legs affected but requires careful activity restriction during recovery.

Tibial tuberosity advancement (TTA)

TTA moves the shinbone forward and secures it similarly to TPLO, typically used in large or giant breeds. Post-operative exercise minimisation and hydrotherapy are important for healing.

Cartilage surgery

Keyhole or traditional surgery removes damaged cartilage to relieve pain. Recovery is usually quicker than ligament reconstruction procedures but still needs controlled exercise.

Prognosis and long-term care

Success varies case by case, influenced by treatment and recovery care quality. Osteoarthritis is a common aftermath, potentially causing lifelong discomfort. Ongoing management with pain relief, weight control, and gentle exercise is essential. Even post-recovery, many dogs require careful lifelong monitoring to maintain a good quality of life.