Cryptorchidism in Cats: Causes, Diagnosis & Treatment

The term “cryptorchid” refers to a condition where one or both testicles fail to descend into the scrotum in male cats. Although this might not be a common situation for most cat owners, vets encounter it regularly when examining young male cats.

This article explores cryptorchidism in cats, including why it happens, the risks, diagnosis, and the best treatment options currently available in the UK veterinary practice.

Understanding Cryptorchidism in Cats

Cryptorchidism is medically defined as the failure of one or both testes to descend fully or partially into the scrotum by around 7 to 8 months of age. Typically, the testicles descend before birth, but this may only become noticeably absent as the kitten grows because the testicles are initially very small.

If the testicles do not descend properly, they are retained somewhere along their normal path — commonly the inguinal canal or, in more severe cases, inside the abdomen. Location can be confirmed via physical examination, ultrasound, or X-ray.

Which Cats Are Most Affected?

Cryptorchidism only affects male cats. Research suggests a hereditary component, although not fully confirmed, with certain breeds like the Persian, Himalayan, and Ragdoll cats having a slightly higher predisposition.

Between 1.3% and 6.2% of male cats may be affected worldwide, and it is more common for only one testicle to be retained than both. This condition can occur in any breed, including mixed-breed cats.

Why Does Cryptorchidism Occur?

The precise cause of cryptorchidism remains unclear but is believed to be an inherited trait due to its familial clustering in certain breeds. Developmental issues during gestation may also contribute, and because of this complexity, it is neither predictable nor preventable.

Signs, Risks, and Behavioural Effects

Many cats with cryptorchidism show no immediate symptoms. However, retained testicles often fail to produce sperm but continue to secrete testosterone, leading to behavioural signs such as:

• Male spraying or marking
• Aggression
• Strong odour typical of intact males

If both testicles are retained, the cat will generally be infertile but still exhibit testosterone-driven behaviours.

Risks include a rare chance of testicular cancer developing in the retained tissue, which poses a greater concern in dogs but still mandates attention in cats. Additionally, retained testicles may cause testicular torsion, a painful twisting of the spermatic cord that requires urgent surgery.

How Is Cryptorchidism Diagnosed?

Diagnosis usually begins with a veterinary physical examination to detect absent testicles in the scrotum of a male cat bred old enough to have descended testicles (typically from 4 months onwards). Palpation and inspection may be followed by ultrasound or exploratory surgery if the testes cannot be located.

Treatment Options: Surgery as the Definitive Solution

Surgical removal of the retained testicle(s), known as cryptorchidectomy, is the recommended treatment. It ensures that behavioural issues, infertility risks, and potential complications such as torsion or cancer are addressed effectively.

Neutering is often scheduled when a kitten reaches an appropriate age, offering vets the opportunity to identify cryptorchidism early during regular health checks and vaccinations.

Depending on testicle location, surgery may be more complex than a standard neuter. The retained testicle can be removed through an abdominal or inguinal incision, or via minimally invasive laparoscopic surgery—an increasingly preferred method for intra-abdominal testicles, providing reduced pain, faster recovery, and better surgical visualisation.

Owners should be aware that such surgery is generally safe and successful, although it usually requires a longer procedure and higher cost relative to routine neutering.

Responsible Pet Ownership and Breeding Considerations

Given the potential hereditary nature of cryptorchidism, it is essential for breeders to avoid breeding affected cats to reduce the incidence of this condition. Responsible selection and genetic counselling can help protect future generations.

If you have a cryptorchid cat or are considering getting a male kitten, ensure the breeder is reputable and prioritises health screenings.

What Are the Next Steps If Your Cat Is Diagnosed?

Should your vet diagnose cryptorchidism, follow their recommendations for surgical removal promptly. While it may be difficult to contemplate surgery for your young pet, early intervention prevents long-term complications and improves quality of life.

Postoperative care typically involves rest and monitoring during recovery, with most cats returning to normal behaviour quickly.

Summary

Cryptorchidism is a genetic condition affecting 1-6% of male cats, where one or both testicles fail to descend into the scrotum. It can lead to behavioural changes, infertility, and health risks if untreated. Diagnosis involves veterinary examination and imaging, with surgical removal of retained testicles recommended as the definitive treatment.

Early veterinary checks and responsible breeding practices are vital in managing and reducing the impact of this condition.