Diabetes Mellitus in Cats: Symptoms, Treatment & Prevention

Diabetes mellitus is a condition that affects cats similarly to humans, with roughly 1 in 230 cats developing the disease. This disorder, increasingly common in cats and humans alike, is often linked to obesity and dietary factors. If left untreated, diabetes can sadly diminish your cat's quality of life, potentially becoming life-threatening. However, with proper veterinary care and dedicated ownership, many cats live well-managed and happy lives. This guide covers what diabetes mellitus is, key symptoms to watch for, diagnosis methods, treatment options, and prevention strategies.

What is diabetes mellitus?

In a healthy cat, carbohydrates from food are broken down into glucose, a vital sugar that provides energy to the body’s cells. The hormone insulin, produced by the pancreas, allows cells to absorb glucose, maintaining balanced blood sugar levels.

In cats with diabetes mellitus, the body either produces insufficient insulin or the tissues fail to respond properly to insulin. As a result, glucose remains in the bloodstream at dangerously high levels. The kidneys try to excrete this excess sugar, causing increased urination and thirst. Over time, despite increased appetite, cats may lose weight as their cells cannot use glucose efficiently. Complications such as urinary tract infections or diabetic ketoacidosis, a severe and potentially fatal condition, can arise.

Note: Diabetes insipidus, another condition causing increased thirst and urination, is distinct and much rarer than diabetes mellitus.

Which cats are affected?

Diabetes mellitus can appear in cats of any age but is most common in those over 10 years old. While all breeds are susceptible, Burmese cats have a higher prevalence. Male cats, particularly neutered ones, are more frequently affected. Additionally, overweight cats and those on inappropriate diets face increased risk.

Research identifies other breeds with predispositions including Burmese, Tonkinese, and Norwegian Forest Cat.

Recognising the Symptoms of Diabetes in Cats

Almost all diabetic cats display the following signs, which should prompt a veterinary consultation:

• Increased thirst (polydipsia)
• Increased urination (polyuria)
• Increased hunger (polyphagia)
• Weight loss despite normal or increased eating

Other possible symptoms include lethargy, reduced interaction with people or other pets, poor grooming leading to an unkempt coat, decreased mobility, and weakness in the hind limbs.

How is diabetes diagnosed in cats?

If you notice these signs, seek veterinary assessment promptly. Your vet may perform a simple glucose dipstick urine test to check for glucose. Avoid litter contamination by using non-absorbent litter or removing litter before collecting a sample.

A full physical exam and blood tests will confirm elevated blood sugar and assess levels of fructosamine, which reflects average blood sugar over the previous weeks. Several tests ensure an accurate diagnosis because stress can temporarily raise blood glucose in cats.

Treatment Options for Diabetic Cats

Treating feline diabetes requires commitment and partnership between owner and veterinary team. The mainstay of therapy is insulin injections, usually administered once or twice daily at home. Vets or nurses will guide and support you in learning injection techniques safely and confidently.

Regular monitoring, including blood glucose curves via veterinary appointments and home observations, helps tailor insulin doses. Cats often require dietary adjustments favouring a high protein, low carbohydrate diet to help control blood sugar. Maintaining a healthy weight is essential, whether that means weight loss or gain under guidance.

While there is currently no cure for diabetes in cats, treatment aims to manage symptoms and prevent complications. Remarkably, some cats may achieve remission with timely diagnosis and effective management.

Supporting your Cat's Health: Preventing Diabetes

Although any cat can develop diabetes, there are practical steps to reduce risk. Keeping your cat at a healthy weight is fundamental—obesity is a leading risk factor not only for diabetes but many other health issues. Regular veterinary check-ups can help detect weight concerns early.

Feeding a balanced diet low in carbohydrates and rich in protein, mimicking natural feline nutrition, supports healthy metabolism. Avoid sugary treats and excessive dry food. While debates continue regarding wet versus dry food, feeding wet food certainly does not increase diabetes risk and can help with hydration.

Conclusion

Diabetes mellitus in cats is a serious but manageable condition with the right care and commitment. Early recognition of symptoms, prompt veterinary diagnosis, and consistent treatment including insulin therapy and dietary management offer cats a chance at a good quality of life. Preventative measures centred on healthy weight and diet are vital to reduce risk. Partnering closely with your veterinary team will help you navigate the challenges and support your beloved feline companion through this condition.