Diabetic ketoacidosis in dogs and cats: symptoms and treatment

Diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) is a serious complication of diabetes in dogs and cats that requires urgent veterinary care. Many pet owners are shocked to learn of the diagnosis, especially since DKA often appears before diabetes is known, explaining why early recognition is critical to saving your pet’s life.

Understanding diabetic ketoacidosis in pets

Diabetic ketoacidosis occurs when an animal’s metabolism is severely disrupted due to insulin deficiency. Without enough insulin, glucose cannot enter cells to provide energy, despite high blood sugar levels. The body then breaks down fat stores as an alternative fuel source, producing excess ketones, which acidify the blood and upset the body’s balance. Usually, an additional trigger such as infection, pancreatitis, or inflammation worsens this process.

This abnormal metabolism leads to dangerous changes in the blood’s pH and electrolyte levels, causing dehydration, shock, and potentially life-threatening complications.

Signs and symptoms of diabetic ketoacidosis

Pets suffering diabetic ketoacidosis may display several warning signs including:

• Marked loss of appetite or anorexia
• Nausea and vomiting
• Increased thirst and frequent urination
• Dehydration and weakness
• Distinctive breath smell resembling acetone or pear drops
• Lethargy and collapse in severe cases

If you notice any of these signs, it is vital to seek veterinary help immediately.

Diagnosing diabetic ketoacidosis

Your vet will perform blood and urine tests to assess blood glucose, ketone levels, electrolyte imbalances, and the acid-base status of the blood. This confirms the diagnosis and helps identify any underlying conditions triggering the ketoacidosis.

Treatment approach for diabetic ketoacidosis

Diabetic ketoacidosis is a veterinary emergency that requires hospitalisation and intensive care. Treatment involves multiple components tailored to restore balance and support recovery.

1. Intravenous fluid therapy

Fluid replacement is critical to reverse dehydration, dilute harmful ketones in the blood, and improve organ perfusion.

2. Insulin therapy

Short-acting insulin is administered frequently to lower blood sugar levels and halt ketone production. This intensive insulin management continues until the pet stabilises and can resume regular insulin treatment.

3. Electrolyte supplementation

DKA severely depletes potassium and phosphorus stores essential for cell and heart function. These are carefully supplemented, usually through the IV drip, with ongoing monitoring to avoid complications.

4. Continuous monitoring and blood testing

Frequent blood tests track glucose, electrolytes, acid-base status, and hydration. The vet adjusts treatment protocols based on these results to provide the best care possible.

Prognosis and long-term management

With rapid and appropriate treatment, many pets recover well from diabetic ketoacidosis. However, DKA can be life-threatening if left untreated or if treatment is delayed. Following recovery, a tailored diabetes management plan including regular insulin administration, diet, and routine vet checks will help prevent recurrence and maintain quality of life.

When to consult your vet

If your dog or cat shows changes in appetite, increased thirst, abnormal urination, or any symptoms suggestive of diabetes, have them checked by your vet promptly. Early diagnosis and monitoring are vital. Be attentive to any signs of ketoacidosis and seek immediate veterinary care if they appear.

Conclusion

Diabetic ketoacidosis in dogs and cats is a serious, complex condition resulting from uncontrolled diabetes and metabolic imbalance. It requires emergency veterinary intervention and ongoing care to safeguard your pet’s health and wellbeing. Prompt attention and responsible management of diabetes can greatly improve your pet’s prognosis and quality of life.