Diagnosis and Management of Dementia in Dogs: A Practical Guide

As dogs grow older, their brains can experience changes similar to human ageing, affecting memory and behaviour. This condition, called Canine Cognitive Dysfunction Syndrome (often likened to Alzheimer’s), leads to symptoms such as confusion, altered sleep patterns, and changes in interaction. If you notice such signs in your dog, understanding the condition and how to manage it is vital to ensure their comfort and well-being.

What is dementia in dogs?

Dementia in dogs is a progressive neurological disorder that impairs cognitive functions as the brain ages. Advances in veterinary care have increased the average lifespan of dogs, which means more pets are at risk of developing age-related brain changes. Current research suggests that around one in three dogs aged 11 and over may show signs of this condition.^* While the exact cause is unknown, studies indicate the accumulation of specific brain proteins and neurotransmitter imbalances play a role. Although there is no cure, management can help delay progression and improve life quality.

Recognising signs of dementia

Symptoms of canine dementia may develop gradually or appear more suddenly. It is important to share your observations with your veterinary practice to rule out other causes. Common signs include:

• Blank or vacant stare indicating confusion
• Persistent pacing or circling behaviour
• Getting stuck or lost in familiar surroundings
• Repetitive actions without purpose
• In-house accidents despite previous house training
• Unusual vocalisations such as whining or barking at odd times
• Disrupted sleep patterns, including insomnia or day-time sleepiness
• Changes in temperament, including irritability or withdrawal
• Reduced responses to familiar commands or greetings

Understanding causes and brain changes

Though no single cause is confirmed, dementia in dogs is associated with physical brain changes. A protein called beta amyloid may accumulate around nerve cells, impairing their function. Additionally, reduced levels of dopamine, crucial for nerve signal transmission, have been observed. These disruptions lead to slower communication within the brain, affecting memory, behaviour, and movement.

Diagnosing dementia in dogs

Diagnosis involves a thorough clinical examination and exclusion of other medical conditions. Your vet will review your dog's history, behaviour changes, and may perform blood and urine tests to rule out treatable illnesses such as kidney or liver disease. A follow-up visit will assess how symptoms evolve and response to any treatment started.

Treatment options and management

There is currently no cure, but treatments aim to ease symptoms and slow decline:

• Medications: Drugs like Selegiline (Selgian) can increase dopamine levels, improving brain function in about 75% of treated dogs.^* Propentofylline may enhance blood flow to the brain, boosting energy and concentration.
• Nutrition: Special diets enriched with antioxidants and omega fatty acids may help reduce oxidative damage in brain cells. Supplement formulas containing B vitamins, choline, and essential fatty acids can also support cognition.
• Environment: Maintaining a consistent routine and familiar surroundings reduces anxiety. Use easily accessible feeding stations and confine your dog safely when alone to prevent confusion or accidents.
• Exercise and mental stimulation: Regular gentle exercise and engaging games encouraging problem-solving can support brain health.

Practical tips for caring for a dog with dementia

• Keep essentials like food, water, and bedding in the same accessible place.
• Use raised bowls if your dog struggles with bending due to stiffness.
• Secure your dog in a safe area or crate when unattended to prevent injury or distress.
• Stick to a strict daily schedule for feeding, toileting, and exercise.
• Spend quality time reassuring and interacting with your dog to maintain their emotional well-being.
• Track symptom progression using a diary, rating behaviours to share with your vet.

Preventing or delaying dementia

While prevention is not yet possible, stimulating your dog's mind and body throughout life helps maintain brain function longer. Activities include:

• Varied play sessions and training challenges
• Regular daily walks within physical limits
• Feeding balanced diets rich in essential nutrients
• Using puzzle toys and scent games to encourage thinking

If you have concerns or questions about your ageing dog's cognitive health, please contact your vet for advice and support.

^*Sources: Hill’s Prescription Diet B/D Nurse Training 2011, Selgian Consumer Information Leaflet, Hill’s B/D Client Information Pack