Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation (DIC) in Dogs Explained
The bloodstream in dogs contains numerous components including proteins found in blood plasma that work closely with platelet cells. Platelets are vital for controlling bleeding by forming plugs that seal injuries or wounds. They are produced in a dog's bone marrow and circulate throughout the bloodstream. When a dog develops disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC), these platelets activate inappropriately despite no injury being present, leading to the formation of blood clots in blood vessels that can cause severe complications.
The Causes of DIC in Dogs
DIC occurs when a dog's platelets attempt to plug nonexistent injuries, forming clots that impede normal blood flow and can damage organs. This condition often arises secondary to other serious health problems. Any breed can develop DIC at any life stage, though it is typically linked to underlying illnesses. Common triggers include:
- Gastric dilation-volvulus (GDV)
- Heartworm disease
- Heart failure
- Heat stroke
- Immune-mediated destruction of red blood cells
- Inflammation of the stomach and intestines
- Systemic infections
- Liver disease
- Cancer
- Nephrotic syndrome
- Pancreatitis
- Shock
- Thrombocytopenia (low platelet count)
- Trauma
- Snake bites
Recognising Symptoms of Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation
Symptoms of DIC in dogs often relate to abnormal clotting and bleeding, including:
- Small red or purple spots beneath the skin (petechiae)
- Excessive bleeding from minor wounds or injections
- Bleeding during or after surgery
- Bleeding from the nose, mouth, or other natural openings
- Accumulation of blood in the abdomen or chest
How is DIC Diagnosed?
Diagnosis starts with a thorough veterinary examination and a detailed medical history. Early symptom description by the owner enhances diagnostic accuracy. Vets will recommend tests such as:
- Complete blood count (including platelets and fibrinogen levels)
- Biochemistry profile
- Electrolyte panel
- Urinalysis to detect systemic diseases
- Blood clotting profile (coagulation tests)
Treatment and Urgent Care for Dogs with DIC
DIC is a medical emergency requiring prompt hospitalisation for intensive supportive care. Treatment targets the underlying cause aggressively while preventing additional injury. Key treatments often include:
- Restricted physical activity to minimise bleeding risk
- Fluid therapy to maintain hydration and blood volume
- Oxygen support if breathing is difficult
- Blood transfusions to stabilise the dog's condition
The veterinarian devises a treatment plan based on the underlying disease to maximise the chance of recovery.
Living with a Dog Diagnosed with DIC
Dogs usually require hospital stays until bleeding is controlled and the primary problem is addressed. Unfortunately, because DIC often develops secondary to severe illnesses, the prognosis can be poor. However, urgent veterinary treatment can sometimes stabilise the dog to improve chances of survival. Responsible pet owners should seek immediate veterinary care if DIC symptoms arise.
Understanding Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation: What Does It Mean?
Quick Answer: Disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) is a life-threatening disorder in dogs where widespread clotting occurs within blood vessels, causing both clot formation and severe bleeding.
DIC happens secondarily to other serious diseases, such as infections or cancer. It involves abnormal activation of clotting pathways causing micro clots that block blood flow and damage organs. Simultaneously, clotting factors are consumed leading to excessive bleeding. Dogs often show symptoms of bruising, bleeding, weakness, rapid heart rate, and difficulty breathing. Diagnosis requires specialised blood tests and treatment focuses on managing the underlying cause and providing intensive supportive care in a veterinary hospital.
For further detailed care and management information, always consult your vet promptly if you suspect your dog may have DIC.
