Understanding Hypoalbuminemia in Dogs: Causes, Symptoms & Care

Hypoalbuminemia in dogs refers to abnormally low levels of albumin, a vital protein produced by the liver that helps maintain fluid balance and transports important substances through the bloodstream. Maintaining proper albumin levels is essential for healthy heart function and keeping fluid within blood vessels to avoid dangerous fluid accumulation in tissues.

When albumin levels in a dog’s blood drop below normal, hypoalbuminemia develops. This condition is not breed or age specific and can affect any dog. It usually signals an underlying health issue that disrupts albumin production or causes excessive loss.

What causes hypoalbuminemia in dogs?

Hypoalbuminemia usually results from other medical conditions. Common causes include:

• Chronic liver diseases such as hepatitis or cirrhosis that reduce albumin production
• Protein-losing enteropathy – loss of albumin through diseased intestines
• Protein-losing nephropathy – kidney disease causing protein loss in urine
• Hypoadrenocorticism (Addison’s disease) affecting adrenal function
• Malnutrition or inadequate protein intake
• Severe inflammatory or infectious diseases like lymphoma, fungal infections or tick fever
• Conditions causing significant blood loss or fluid accumulation in body cavities

Notably, some breeds, such as Yorkshire Terriers, may be more prone to protein-losing enteropathies, which can cause hypoalbuminemia.

What are the symptoms of hypoalbuminemia in dogs?

The symptoms vary depending on how quickly hypoalbuminemia develops and the underlying condition. Common signs include:

• Swelling or puffiness in the paws, limbs, or face due to fluid leakage
• Gastrointestinal signs such as diarrhoea and vomiting
• Laboured or difficulty breathing if fluid accumulates in lungs or chest
• Abdominal distension due to fluid buildup (ascites)
• Lethargy, loss of appetite, and weight loss

Early detection is vital to prevent life-threatening complications such as severe fluid overload.

How do vets diagnose hypoalbuminemia?

Diagnosis begins with confirming low albumin levels via a complete blood panel and urinalysis. The vet may check urine protein to creatinine ratios to evaluate kidney protein loss. Detailed history, clinical signs, and physical examination help guide further testing.

Additional diagnostic tools include:

• Ultrasound or x-rays to assess liver, kidneys, and abdominal organs
• Biopsies of liver or kidney tissue for definitive diagnosis
• Blood tests to check for adrenal insufficiency (Addison’s disease)

Treatment and management of hypoalbuminemia

Because hypoalbuminemia is a symptom, treatment targets its underlying cause. This may require hospitalisation for stabilisation, intravenous fluid therapy, or draining excess fluid to relieve symptoms.

Your vet may also recommend:

• Medication for treating infections, inflammation, or other specific diseases causing protein loss
• Pain relief and supportive care as needed
• Special diets formulated for dogs with protein loss or liver/kidney disease
• Physical therapy to help reduce swelling and promote fluid drainage

Regular veterinary follow-up is essential to monitor recovery, reduce complications, and manage chronic conditions.

Living with and caring for a dog with hypoalbuminemia

Long-term care depends on the condition that caused hypoalbuminemia and how well it responds to treatment. It is important to:

• Follow your vet’s advice closely regarding medications and diet
• Monitor your dog’s weight and watch for swelling or breathing difficulties
• Provide gentle exercise to support cardiovascular health and fluid balance
• Ensure prompt veterinary care if symptoms worsen or change

Hypoalbuminemia is a serious sign requiring professional veterinary diagnosis and care. With timely treatment and responsible care, many dogs can recover or have their symptoms managed effectively.

For those considering becoming dog owners or looking for specific breeds, it is best to seek reputable breeders or adoption centres to find a healthy, well-cared-for puppy or dog.