Ectopic Ureter in Dogs: Causes, Symptoms & Treatments

An ectopic ureter is a congenital abnormality in dogs where one or both ureters, the tubes that carry urine from the kidneys to the bladder, connect to an abnormal location such as the urethra, vagina, or vestibule, rather than the bladder. This anatomical defect often causes urinary incontinence and recurrent infections. Female dogs are up to 20 times more likely to be affected, and several breeds show a strong predisposition, suggesting a hereditary link.

Breeds Most at Risk of Ectopic Ureters

Certain breeds are more commonly affected by this condition, highlighting a genetic predisposition. Responsible breeders and owners should be aware of these risks when choosing a dog. These breeds include:

• Entlebucher Mountain Dog
• Labrador Retriever
• Golden Retriever
• Siberian Husky
• Newfoundland
• Bulldog
• West Highland White Terrier
• Fox Terrier
• Miniature Poodle
• Toy Poodle

Understanding the Causes

Ectopic ureters are present from birth and result from abnormal embryonic development. Normally, the ureters connect to the bladder, but in this condition, they drain elsewhere, such as the urethra or vagina. Despite ongoing research, the exact hereditary mechanisms remain somewhat unclear. Early spaying is usually postponed if incontinence is suspected, as surgery and treatment plans are carefully managed by vets.

Symptoms to Watch For

Urinary incontinence is the hallmark symptom, often noticed shortly after a puppy is weaned or during house training. Signs include:

• Persistent or intermittent urine leakage or dribbling
• Frequent licking of the genital area to soothe irritation
• Urine scalding, which can cause inflammation or vaginitis
• Discolouration of fur around the genital region
• Recurrent urinary tract infections (UTIs)

Diagnosis of Ectopic Ureter in Dogs

Diagnosis requires veterinary expertise and often involves the following tests:

• Urethrocystoscopy: Endoscopic inspection of the lower urinary tract to view ureter outlets and bladder structure.
• Imaging Techniques: X-rays, ultrasound, contrast radiology, CT scans, or MRI to locate the abnormal ureter position.
• Urethral Pressure Profilometry: Measures pressure to evaluate sphincter muscle functionality.

These tools help confirm the type of ectopic ureter (intramural or extramural) and guide treatment decisions.

Effective Treatment Approaches

Treatment depends on the type and severity of the ectopic ureter:

• Surgical Correction: The most common approach involves surgically redirecting the ureter to its normal bladder location. Surgery also may include removing damaged parts or infected kidneys if necessary.
• Laser Ablation: For some intramural cases, minimally invasive laser techniques via cystoscopy may be appropriate.

Postoperative incontinence can persist because the urinary sphincter muscles may remain weak even after surgery, so close monitoring and follow-up are essential. Steroid therapy or surgical procedures to support the bladder neck may be considered for persistent incontinence.

Managing and Supporting Affected Dogs

Ongoing veterinary care is vital after treatment. Follow-up visits, including special dye tests, assess healing progress and surgical success. In cases where incontinence persists, vets might consider additional surgical support or medical therapies.

Owners of dogs with ectopic ureters are encouraged to provide a supportive environment, maintain regular veterinary checks, and watch for signs of urinary tract infections or discomfort. Responsible breeding practices are crucial to help reduce the incidence of this hereditary condition.

When to Seek Veterinary Help

If you notice persistent urinary leakage or unusual behaviour around your dog’s genital area, especially in breeds listed above or in young females, a veterinary consultation is recommended promptly. Early diagnosis can improve treatment outcomes and quality of life.

Conclusion

Ectopic ureters are a rare yet significant congenital defect in dogs, predominantly affecting certain breeds and females. Early recognition, accurate diagnosis with advanced imaging and cystoscopy, and surgical or laser treatment can greatly improve outcomes. Owners and breeders should prioritise responsible care and seek veterinary advice early when symptoms arise to ensure the best health and wellbeing for affected dogs.

Responsible ownership and ethical breeding reduce the impact of congenital abnormalities in dog populations, supporting healthier generations ahead.