Exposure Keratopathy Syndrome in Dogs: Causes, Symptoms & Care
Exposure keratopathy syndrome (EKS) is a chronic eye condition affecting the surface of a dog’s cornea. Particularly common in brachycephalic breeds with prominent eyes, EKS occurs when the eyelids fail to protect the eye, leading to dryness, irritation, and potential vision loss if left untreated. Early veterinary assessment is crucial to safeguard your dog’s sight and comfort.
Understanding the Causes of Exposure Keratopathy Syndrome
The primary cause of EKS is inadequate eyelid coverage of the cornea, resulting in excessive exposure to light and air. This exposure damages the corneal surface through increased tear evaporation and insufficient blinking. Key anatomical issues contributing to this include:
- Exophthalmos: Protruding eyeballs that do not sit deep in the socket.
- Lagophthalmos: Inability to fully close the eyelids.
- Macroblepharon: Enlarged eyelid openings sometimes accompanied by entropion (inward rolling of the eyelid).
These factors disrupt tear film stability and lubrication, making the cornea vulnerable to injury and inflammation.
Genetic Factors and Breed Predisposition
There is a clear genetic link affecting brachycephalic breeds whose facial structures predispose them to EKS. Such dogs typically have large, prominent eyes and facial folds that increase the risk of eyelid and corneal abnormalities. Responsible breeders and owners should be aware of these risks when choosing or breeding dogs.
Breeds Most at Risk for EKS
Breeds commonly affected by exposure keratopathy syndrome include:
These breeds often display exaggerated facial features which heighten their vulnerability. Selective breeding practices that reduce extreme facial traits help lower the incidence of EKS.
Recognising Symptoms Early
If your dog shows any of the following signs, they may be suffering from EKS and require veterinary attention:
- Eye redness and inflammation
- Excessive tearing or dryness
- Cloudiness or brown pigmentation on the cornea (sometimes pigmentary keratitis)
- Ulceration or sores on the corneal surface
- Scratching or pawing at the eyes due to discomfort
- Reluctance to open the eyes or sensitivity to light
Prompt recognition helps prevent progression to painful ulceration and permanent vision loss.
How Vets Diagnose EKS
Diagnosis involves a thorough ocular examination and reviewing the dog’s breed and family history. A vet will check eyelid function, corneal health, and presence of ulceration or pigmentation. A common diagnostic test is the fluorescein dye test, which highlights any corneal ulcers or defects.
Treatment and Management Options
While EKS is chronic, treatment can make your dog comfortable and protect their vision. Management typically includes:
- Medications: Prescribed eye drops or ointments to lubricate the eye and stimulate tear production.
- Surgery: Procedures to reduce eyelid opening size or correct entropion to improve eye protection.
- Ulcer treatment: If corneal ulcers are present, targeted care is necessary to promote healing and prevent infection.
Ongoing veterinary care helps monitor the condition and adjust treatment as needed.
Preventing Exposure Keratopathy Syndrome
The most effective prevention is through responsible, selective breeding avoiding dogs with the syndrome or exaggerated facial features that increase EKS risk. This protects future generations and promotes healthier breed standards.
Owners should also maintain regular veterinary eye checks, particularly for brachycephalic breeds, enabling early intervention if symptoms arise.
Summary
Exposure Keratopathy Syndrome is a serious, chronic eye condition most commonly seen in brachycephalic dogs with prominent eyes. Understanding the causes, recognising symptoms, and prompt veterinary diagnosis and care are essential to preserving sight and reducing discomfort. Responsible breeding and ongoing management form the cornerstone of prevention and treatment.
