Brachycephalic Dogs: Health Risks & Popularity in UK 2025

Brachycephalic dogs, often called flat-faced dogs, are increasingly popular in the UK. Breeds such as the French Bulldog puppies, Pug puppies, English Bulldog puppies, and Shih Tzu puppies rank among the top ten breeds in the UK. However, their distinctive flattened faces bring notable health challenges, especially a serious condition called brachycephalic obstructive airway syndrome (BOAS), which can affect their breathing and overall quality of life.

Understanding Brachycephalic Dogs

The term “brachycephalic” describes dogs with shortened muzzles and skulls, resulting in a characteristic flat face, narrow nostrils, and prominent eyes. While their appearance is charming to many, these facial features can predispose affected breeds to respiratory difficulties and other health problems if exaggerated.

The Rising Popularity of Brachycephalic Breeds in the UK

Four of the UK's ten most popular breeds fall into this category:

• French Bulldog: The UK’s most popular breed, with over 22,000 adverts in 2018 alone, showing an exponential rise in recent years.
• Pug: The third most popular with steadily increasing numbers each year.
• English Bulldog: Ranking seventh, with rising numbers over recent years.
• Shih Tzu: Ninth most popular, with a slight decline but still significant presence.

Other brachycephalic breeds like Boston Terriers and Boxers also contribute to the overall population. Responsible breeding and awareness are crucial to managing the health risks associated with their growing popularity.

What is BOAS?

Brachycephalic Obstructive Airway Syndrome (BOAS) encompasses several congenital conditions caused by the shortened facial structure. These include:

• Stenotic nares (narrowed nostrils) causing breathing difficulty.
• Elongated soft palate partially blocking the airway.
• Hypoplastic trachea with underdeveloped windpipe cartilage.
• Everted laryngeal saccules further obstructing airflow.

Symptoms range from mild breathing difficulties to severe respiratory distress and require veterinary assessment. Exercise, heat, or stress can exacerbate symptoms, sometimes leading to emergencies.

Causes and Breeding Considerations

BOAS develops from inherited anatomical traits. Breeding two dogs with very flat faces increases the likelihood of pups inheriting and sometimes intensifying the condition. Unfortunately, some unethical breeders continue prioritising appearance over health, worsening the problem.

Prospective owners should look for moderate features and consult vets before purchasing puppies. Choosing reputable breeders focused on health and welfare is vital for reducing BOAS risks.

Management and Surgical Treatment

BOAS is a lifelong condition that rarely improves without intervention. Surgery can correct anatomical defects to ease breathing but is complex, costly, and requires lifelong care post-operation. Animal welfare organisations like Battersea Dogs and Cats Home report increasing BOAS surgeries as these breeds become more common.

Is BOAS Surgery Increasing in the UK?

Data from Battersea shows a dramatic rise in BOAS corrective surgeries—from just seven in 2015 to over 60 in 2018. This reflects both the rising population of brachycephalic dogs and the increased severity of facial exaggerations bred for appearance.

The rising surgery numbers highlight the urgent need for responsible breeding practices and greater public awareness about the health challenges of flat-faced breeds.

Promoting Responsible Ownership and Welfare

Efforts are underway within the UK to address these welfare issues:

• The UK Brachycephalic Working Group promotes better breeding standards and owner education.
• Veterinary professionals encourage prospective buyers to prioritise health over extreme looks.
• Informed ownership reduces risks, improves quality of life, and supports animal welfare.

If you consider a brachycephalic breed, research thoroughly, avoid puppies with extreme flat faces, and seek veterinary advice before committing.

What Are the Health Risks of Brachycephalic Dogs?

Quick Answer: Brachycephalic dogs are prone to BOAS, causing breathing difficulties, alongside other health issues like skin and eye problems correlated with their flat facial structure.

Besides BOAS, these breeds often suffer from skin fold infections, eye ulcers due to prominent eyes, and joint problems. The risk of serious complications increases with the severity of facial flattening, making careful breed selection important.

How to Choose a Healthy Brachycephalic Puppy

Look for puppies with less extreme facial features, open nostrils, and normal breathing patterns. Responsible breeders will share health screenings and avoid exaggerations linked to BOAS.

Asking breeders and vets about the puppy’s parents' health and observing activity levels can help identify healthier puppies. If unsure, having a vet perform an airway check before purchase can safeguard your decision.

Conclusion

Brachycephalic breeds remain highly popular in the UK, yet their unique anatomy brings significant health challenges, especially BOAS. The rise in surgeries and health issues underlines the importance of responsible breeding and informed ownership.

Choosing reputable breeders, understanding health risks, and supporting welfare initiatives ensure these dogs can live happier, healthier lives. Awareness today shapes better outcomes for the flat-faced companions loved by so many across the UK.