Freshwater Angelfish Care Guide: Pterophyllum Species

Freshwater angelfish of the genus Pterophyllum are striking tropical fish native to South America's Amazon and Orinoco river systems. Known for their calm, majestic glide through planted aquariums, they have captivated aquarists worldwide. This comprehensive guide explores their species, care, tank requirements, diet, compatibility, and breeding to help you create the perfect environment for your angelfish.

Identifying the Species and Varieties

The genus contains three species: Pterophyllum scalare, Pterophyllum leopoldi, and Pterophyllum altum. The most common in the aquarium hobby is P. scalare, a well-established species described in the early 19th century. The rarer P. altum requires soft, acidic blackwater conditions and is best suited to advanced keepers due to its larger size and specific needs.

There are also a myriad of captive-bred morphs of P. scalare, including wild striped patterns, silver, black, gold, koi, marble, and pearl scale varieties. While these colourful strains add visual interest, note that many arise from inbreeding which can increase sensitivities and affect overall health. Responsible enthusiasts should source fish from reputable breeders to promote fish welfare and genetic diversity.

Creating an Ideal Tank Setup

Angelfish grow tall and large; therefore, a minimum tank height of 40cm and a length of 90cm for a pair is recommended. They prefer slow water flow with good filtration at a tropical temperature around 27°C. Maintaining slightly acidic to neutral pH and soft water mimics their natural habitat. You can achieve soft, low conductivity water using Reverse Osmosis (RO) water adjusted with minerals.

Reproducing their natural environment with plenty of Amazonian plants, bog wood, and leaf litter enhances their comfort. Soft sand substrate is visually authentic and beneficial to their behaviour. The tannins released by natural decorations impart a gentle tea-coloured tint to the water and provide mild antiseptic qualities.

Feeding and Nutrition

Tank-bred freshwater angelfish accept a range of foods including high-quality flake, pellets, frozen and live options such as brine shrimp and bloodworms. Feed them two small meals daily, sufficient to be consumed within 2-3 minutes to avoid water pollution. Be mindful that angelfish may prey on smaller tank mates, so choose compatible species accordingly.

Compatible Tank Mates

Angelfish exhibit territorial aggression especially during breeding and are slow swimmers with delicate fins. Suitable tank companions include bottom-dwelling Corydoras catfish and Bristlenose plecos, which share similar water preferences. Some aquarists keep small Amazonian tetras, but these may become prey as angelfish grow. Many recommend caution when mixing angelfish with discus due to potential parasite transmission and behavioural differences, despite their wild associations.

Careful Breeding Practices

Sexing angelfish is challenging until pairs form naturally. Keeping a group of juveniles allows pair bonds to develop. Upon breeding, parents display dedicated care by guarding eggs on submerged surfaces and fanning them to prevent fungus. Be aware that other tank inhabitants may eat eggs or fry, so consider breeding pairs in lightly stocked or separate tanks.

Breeders sometimes remove fertilised eggs to a fry tank with gentle aeration and low flow, using sponge filters and treatments such as methylene blue to maintain water quality. Feed young fry with suitable live foods like newly hatched brine shrimp and gradually transition to finely crushed flakes as they grow.

Designing Your Dream Aquarium

Imagine a spacious 5-foot-long tank, 2 feet tall with soft Amazonian lighting through slightly tannin-tinted water. Decorate with natural bog wood, leaf litter on pale sand, and dense planting along the back and sides with Amazon river plants. Stock a small group of Pterophyllum altum, emperor tetras, Bristlenose plecos, and Corydoras catfish for an elegant community. Use RO water with added minerals and powerful filtration to maintain pristine conditions.

With research and care, you can find the perfect freshwater angelfish variety to suit your aquarium size and style, ensuring a beautiful, healthy aquatic display.