Gastric Dilatation-Volvulus Syndrome in Dogs: A Complete Guide

Gastric dilatation-volvulus (GDV) syndrome is a life-threatening condition in dogs, especially affecting large and giant breeds with deep chests. Understanding this emergency can help you act quickly if your dog shows symptoms, potentially saving their life. This comprehensive guide covers everything you need to know about GDV, from recognising signs to prevention strategies.

Which Breeds Are Most Affected by GDV?

GDV mostly affects large and giant breeds with deep and narrow chests. Common susceptible breeds include:

• Akitas
• Bloodhounds
• Collies
• Great Danes
• Irish Setters
• Irish Wolfhounds
• Newfoundlands
• Rottweilers
• Saint Bernards
• Standard Poodles
• Weimaraners

While these breeds have a higher risk, any large or giant-breed dog can develop GDV. Male dogs and those underweight seem more prone, and the risk tends to increase with age.

What Is GDV and How Does It Affect Dogs?

GDV is a rapid-onset condition where the dog's stomach fills with gas and/or fluid (dilatation) and then twists upon itself (volvulus). This twist blocks the stomach’s exit and entrance, preventing burping or vomiting to relieve pressure. The swelling compresses vital blood vessels, reducing blood flow to the heart and other organs. Breathing is impaired due to diaphragm pressure. If untreated, the stomach can rupture, and tissues begin to die, releasing toxins into the bloodstream, which can rapidly lead to shock and death.

Recognising the Symptoms

Early recognition of symptoms is crucial. Signs include:

• Restlessness or unusual lethargy progressing to weakness
• Abdominal pain evidenced by an arched back or the 'praying' posture (front legs stretched forward, abdomen raised)
• Non-productive retching or attempts to vomit without success
• Excessive drooling
• Abdominal swelling that progresses over time

Diagnosis and Emergency Treatment

If GDV is suspected, seek veterinary care immediately. Quick action can be lifesaving. Vets will perform a physical exam, often feeling a distended stomach, and look for signs of shock such as rapid heartbeat, pale gums, and weak pulses. Diagnosis is confirmed with abdominal x-rays to differentiate simple bloat from GDV. Blood tests and ECGs may be needed to evaluate complications.

Treatment begins with stabilising the dog using intravenous fluids and pain relief. Stomach decompression is performed by passing a tube or using a needle to release gas. Surgery under general anaesthesia is then required to untwist the stomach and assess tissue health. If parts of the stomach or spleen are damaged, they may need to be removed.

During surgery, a gastropexy is usually done to permanently attach the stomach to the abdominal wall, preventing recurrence. Post-operative care involves monitoring for infection, organ function, and heart irregularities.

Preventing GDV: Practical Tips

While GDV cannot be completely prevented, these measures can reduce risks:

• Feed two or more small meals a day instead of one large meal
• Minimise stress around feeding times by feeding dogs separately if they compete for food or attention
• Restrict vigorous exercise for at least one to two hours before and after meals
• Avoid raised food bowls that may encourage swallowing air
• Choose dry foods low in oil or fat content to reduce risk
• Avoid breeding dogs closely related to those that have had GDV
• Discuss prophylactic gastropexy with your vet for high-risk dogs, though it is uncommon in the UK

Understanding the Prognosis and Making Informed Decisions

GDV is a grave condition with a mortality rate that varies between 20% and 45%, depending heavily on the speed of treatment and extent of damage. Treatment is complex and expensive, and unfortunately not all dogs survive despite emergency surgery and intensive care. Some owners choose euthanasia to prevent prolonged suffering, which is a personal and valid decision.

Responsibly sourcing your dog from reputable breeders who follow good breeding practices can help reduce health issues. Prompt recognition of symptoms and rapid veterinary care give affected dogs the best chance.

Questions Owners Commonly Ask about GDV

What causes gastric dilatation-volvulus in dogs?

Quick Answer: The exact cause of GDV is unknown, but risk factors include breed, chest conformation, eating habits, and possibly stress.

The stomach fills rapidly with gas or fluid, then twists, blocking digestive flow and blood supply. Large, deep-chested breeds are particularly at risk. Some studies suggest rapid eating, one large meal daily, and stress can trigger GDV episodes.

How fast does GDV progress?

Quick Answer: GDV develops quickly over minutes to a few hours, making immediate veterinary attention crucial.

The condition is an emergency that worsens rapidly. Early symptoms like restlessness and abdominal discomfort quickly progress to shock and collapse. Delayed treatment severely reduces survival chances.

Is GDV preventable?

Quick Answer: Though not completely preventable, steps like feeding multiple small meals and reducing post-meal exercise can lower the risk.

Owners should feed smaller meals more frequently, avoid elevated bowls, and keep dogs calm around mealtimes. Breeding dogs with GDV history is discouraged. Prophylactic gastropexy surgery is an option for very high-risk dogs in some countries.