Glomerular Disease in Cats: Symptoms, Causes and Care

Glomerular disease in cats is a rare but serious condition affecting the kidneys' filtering units, the glomeruli. These microscopic capillaries filter waste from the blood to produce urine. Inflammation or damage to the glomeruli disrupts this process, often causing protein to leak into urine, known as proteinuria, a key sign of the disease.

Understanding Glomerular Disease in Cats

This disorder typically develops when toxins, enzymes, or abnormal immune complexes accumulate in the glomeruli. The most common form in cats is immune-complex glomerulonephritis (ICGN), often linked to underlying immune system activity. Membranous glomerulonephritis is the most frequent type, predominantly seen in male cats[2]. Unlike some other kidney diseases seen in dogs, certain forms like focal segmental glomerulosclerosis are rare in cats.

Recognising the Symptoms Early

In early stages, many cats show no obvious symptoms, making early detection challenging. Sometimes, protein is only found during routine urine tests at yearly vet check-ups. Signs can vary depending on the disease cause but often include:

• Weakness and lethargy
• Weight loss
• Excessive thirst and increased urination
• Lack of appetite and nausea
• Vomiting
• Difficulty breathing or severe panting
• High blood pressure, potentially leading to blindness
• Abdominal swelling due to fluid retention (ascites)

Common Causes of Glomerular Disease

Causes vary and can include:

• Inflammation from immune reactions or infections
• Infections affecting the kidneys or immune system
• Neoplasia (tumours)
• Diabetes mellitus
• Long-term use of certain medications and drugs
• Idiopathic cases where the underlying cause remains unknown

How Vets Diagnose the Condition

Veterinary diagnosis involves a thorough history and physical examination. Tests commonly required include:

• Urinalysis to detect proteinuria and other abnormalities
• Complete blood cell count and chemical blood profile for kidney function
• Biochemistry profile
• Imaging techniques such as abdominal X-rays and ultrasound
• In some cases, a kidney biopsy is necessary to determine the exact nature of glomerular damage

Treatment and Management

Treatment focuses on the underlying cause when identifiable. Unfortunately, glomerular disease can be difficult to treat, especially if detected at an advanced stage with significant kidney damage. Treatment options include:

• Prescription renal diets low in protein and sodium to reduce kidney workload
• Medications to control inflammation, blood pressure, and protein loss (such as ACE inhibitors or angiotensin receptor blockers)
• Omega-3 fatty acid supplements to help reduce inflammation and support kidney health
• Careful dosing of medications eliminated through the kidneys
• Regular veterinary monitoring and adjustment of treatment plans based on response and test results

Promoting Responsible Cat Care

Regular health check-ups help catch kidney or urinary problems early, improving outcomes. Responsible pet ownership includes avoiding unnecessary medications, ensuring vaccinations and parasite control, and providing a balanced diet tailored to a cat’s needs. If you notice signs such as increased thirst, urination, or sudden weight loss in your cat, consult your vet promptly.

When to Seek Veterinary Advice

If your cat shows any symptoms listed above, particularly increased drinking, urination, or lethargy, seek veterinary advice promptly. Early diagnosis and management provide the best chance of slowing disease progression and maintaining quality of life.

Frequently Asked Question: Can glomerular disease cause blindness in cats?

Quick Answer: Yes, glomerular disease often leads to high blood pressure, which can cause damage to the eyes and potentially result in blindness.

High blood pressure is a common complication of kidney disease in cats. When uncontrolled, it can affect delicate blood vessels in the eyes causing retinal detachment and vision loss. Regular monitoring of blood pressure and early treatment is essential to prevent this serious consequence.

For more general information about cats and responsible pet care, consider looking for reputable breeders or adopting a kitten from a trusted source. For example, you might find a domestic shorthair kitten or explore other breeds suited to your home.

In summary, glomerular disease in cats is a complex condition requiring veterinary attention. Early detection, targeted treatment, and ongoing management can help preserve kidney function and improve your cat’s quality of life.