Hepatic Lipidosis in Dogs: Causes, Symptoms & Treatment

Small dog breeds like Yorkshire Terriers and Chihuahuas are more susceptible to hepatic lipidosis, a serious liver condition where fat accumulates excessively in the liver cells, impairing its function. Although more common in cats, dogs can suffer from this fatty liver disease, which may pose significant health risks.

Understanding Hepatic Lipidosis in Dogs

Hepatic lipidosis occurs when the liver cells accumulate fat, causing the liver to enlarge and develop a greasy texture and yellowish colour. The liver's ability to detoxify the blood and process nutrients is compromised, allowing toxins to build up in the body. This condition can appear on its own (idiopathic) or as a secondary complication linked to diseases such as diabetes, kidney failure, pancreatitis, and obesity.

Fatty liver disease in dogs can cause the liver cells to rupture, releasing fat into the bloodstream that may block heart arteries and lead to serious cardiac complications. Prompt veterinary attention is crucial if symptoms arise.

Causes and Risk Factors

The exact cause of hepatic lipidosis when it arises independently is not fully understood. However, contributing factors include obesity and starvation. Small and toy breeds are particularly vulnerable due to their delicate balance of blood sugar and metabolism, which can be disrupted by fasting or irregular feeding schedules.

Recognising Symptoms of Hepatic Lipidosis

Dogs affected by hepatic lipidosis often show:

• Rapid, unexplained weight loss
• Loss of appetite and interest in food
• Vomiting
• Diarrhoea or constipation
• Jaundice visible in gums, eyes, or ears
• Excessive salivation
• Lethargy and depression

Treatment and Management

If hepatic lipidosis is secondary to an underlying disease such as diabetes or pancreatitis, treating that primary condition often resolves the fatty liver. For standalone hepatic lipidosis, careful dietary adjustments are essential. Proteins that are low in fat but nutrient-rich—such as milk or soy proteins—help ease the liver's burden and promote fat mobilisation.

Maintaining good hydration is equally important, and in severe cases, IV fluid therapy may be necessary until the dog's condition stabilises. Early diagnosis and supportive veterinary care offer the best prognosis.

Prevention and Responsible Care

Preventing hepatic lipidosis involves avoiding prolonged fasting, managing weight, and seeking veterinary advice promptly for any health concerns. Responsible feeding practices and careful monitoring, especially in small and toy breeds, can reduce the risk. Working with your vet to maintain overall health is the cornerstone of prevention.