Horse Bits and Bitting: Choosing and Using the Right Bit

A bit needs to suit not only the horse but also the rider as the severity of a bit does not depend solely on the bit, but also how it is handled. For that reason it is not a good idea to use a severe bit on a child’s pony. Children seldom have the experience to handle a strong bit, the sensitivity to use it wisely and the experience to make no mistakes. The correct bit, fitted properly and in the right hands will not do damage and cause no pain but will still serve its function, but all three of these criteria need to be met for this to be true. The best bit for any horse or pony is the mildest possible. When a mild bit is used correctly it causes little or no pain or damage but a strong bit, heavy hands, ill-fitting bridle or badly placed bit can trigger various reactions in a horse. These may be; discomfort which can lead to bad behaviour – you would not want to go forward if someone stuck a knife in your mouth each time you did; pain which can result in the horse having a hard mouth – a bit like blisters on your feet where, eventually the skin will harden. There are too many types of bit to go into full technical detail in one article, so this article looks at the broad picture and a few common bits in more detail.

Uses of a Bit

A bit serves as both your steering and brake, playing a vital role when riding. While an experienced rider on a well-schooled horse could technically manage without a bit or bridle by using leg aids, seat and back to steer and brake, in reality this is seldom the case. Without a bit, if something frightens the horse in an emergency, there would be no controls to manage it. Interestingly, the oldest known bits date back to 1500 BCE and were metal snaffles.

How to Choose a Bit

It is essential to know the size of your horse’s mouth and buy a bit that protrudes about ¼ inch either side. You can measure your horse’s mouth using an old bit or a piece of string or twine placed in the horse’s mouth and then measured.

Choosing the right bit often involves some trial and error. Always try the mildest bit first and gradually work towards stronger bits or different designs until you find one that suits. Borrowing bits from experienced horse people can save you from buying unsuitable equipment.

Remember, you can work with your horse through schooling to favour a milder bit. Some horses improve significantly with training, while others less so. Seeking advice from an expert can help, but often it requires testing to find what works best for your individual horse. Also, horses can become 'numb' to strong bits over time, so aiming for the mildest effective bit is best.

Types of Bits

Bits are broadly divided into two categories: snaffle and curb bits, with the pelham being a mixture of both. Variations include jointed, double-jointed, double-ringed, rubber, vulcanised, copper, thick, thin, twisted, chain, with or without a port, mullen (curved), with rollers, middle flat link, hollow, heavy, or combinations of these features.

Snaffle

A snaffle bit features a round ring with the bit mouthpiece attached in the middle. Rein pressure is applied directly without leverage. The eggbutt snaffle has a fixed ring that broadens to meet the mouthpiece, whereas the loose ring allows the ring to move freely which can pinch the lips; rubber discs often help prevent this. Snaffles are generally the mildest bits, and their thickness affects comfort: thicker bits are kinder as pressure is spread over a larger area.

Pelham

The pelham bit combines snaffle and curb actions, featuring a shank and two rings. The upper ring works as a snaffle, and the lower ring provides leverage pressure on the poll and curb. The length of the shank increases severity. It includes a curb chain preventing over-pulling and applies pressure on the chin. Often used for horses that pull or for schooling in experienced hands.

Curb

The curb bit is similar to the pelham as it operates on leverage via a shank. Rarely used alone, it typically forms part of a double bridle.

Kimberwick

The kimberwick bit combines snaffle and mild curb functions. It's especially useful for children riding ponies that are hard to control. The bit is quite thick and has a short shank for slight leverage, offering more control than a snaffle but milder than a pelham. It features "D" shaped rings and a curb chain. Some versions have multiple rein attachment points to adjust severity.

Hackamore

A hackamore is technically not a bit but a bitless bridle omitting the mouthpiece. It uses pressure on the nose and poll to control the horse. This is suitable for horses with mouth injuries or sensitivity to bits. The longer the shank, the more severe the action. Proper fit is crucial since a poorly fitted hackamore can harm nerves or impair breathing, and a padded nose cover is usually necessary.

Double Bridle

The double bridle employs two bits: a small snaffle (bridoon) and a curb bit, providing nuanced control for advanced training or dressage, used only by skilled riders.

Key Principles for Comfort and Safety

• Mildest Bit Possible: Always start with the mildest bit suitable for the horse to encourage comfort and responsiveness.
• Proper Fit: Ensure the bit fits well to avoid discomfort or injury, allowing the horse to respond freely.
• Rider Skill: The effectiveness and gentleness of the bit depend significantly on the rider’s experience and hand control.
• Regular Assessment: Watch for behavioural signs that may indicate discomfort or pain caused by the bit.
• Training: Gradual schooling can help the horse accept milder bits over time, reducing reliance on harsher equipment.
• Consult Experts: Professional advice can be valuable especially when correcting behavioural or control issues.
• Alternative Options: Consider bitless bridles like hackamores when appropriate, especially for horses with mouth issues.