How primary hyperparathyroidism affects dogs

Primary hyperparathyroidism is a condition affecting the parathyroid glands, four tiny glands next to the thyroid in a dog’s neck. These glands regulate calcium and phosphorus levels by releasing parathyroid hormone (PTH), which controls calcium absorption from bones to the blood. When one or more of these glands become overactive, often due to tumours, it disrupts this balance causing persistently high calcium levels in the blood, known as hypercalcaemia.

This article explores how primary hyperparathyroidism affects dogs, which breeds are more susceptible, typical symptoms, diagnostic methods, treatment options, and what owners should watch for.

Understanding primary hyperparathyroidism in dogs

The parathyroid glands normally maintain calcium levels finely tuned for healthy body functions. A benign tumour called a parathyroid adenoma commonly causes excessive PTH production leading to elevated calcium in the bloodstream. Rarely, malignant tumours or congenital defects can also trigger this condition.

High blood calcium may not immediately cause obvious illness, making early diagnosis challenging. Subtle signs develop gradually and can be easy to overlook, but the impact on kidney function and other organs can be significant if untreated.

Because of the specialised nature of this condition, veterinary diagnosis involves advanced blood tests measuring calcium, phosphorus, and PTH levels, sometimes supported by imaging of the parathyroid glands. This precise testing is essential to distinguish primary hyperparathyroidism from other causes of abnormal calcium levels.

Breed risks and demographics

Any dog can develop primary hyperparathyroidism, but studies show some breeds are more prone, which suggests a hereditary influence. The Keeshond puppies breed is most commonly associated with this condition, followed by the German shepherd puppies. Both males and females are equally affected, and neutering status doesn’t seem to influence risk.

The condition mostly affects middle-aged to older dogs, with diagnosis rarely occurring before five years of age and more common around ten years.

Recognising the symptoms of primary hyperparathyroidism

Clinical signs often stem from high calcium effects, which mainly influence the kidneys and urinary tract. Early symptoms include increased thirst and urination, making these subtle changes important for attentive dog owners to note.

• Increased drinking (polydipsia) and frequent urination (polyuria).
• Mild lethargy or weakness.
• Loss of appetite or intermittent vomiting.
• Development of urinary tract infections or stones due to calcium deposits.
• Occasionally, an enlarged parathyroid gland swelling detectable in the neck.
• In severe or late-stage cases, serious complications like coma can occur, though this is rare with timely treatment.

Such symptoms can be caused by various diseases, therefore veterinary assessment and diagnostic blood testing are vital for proper identification.

Diagnosis and veterinary assessment

Diagnosing primary hyperparathyroidism requires confirmation of persistent hypercalcaemia accompanied by inappropriate PTH secretion, which means PTH levels stay normal or high despite elevated calcium.

Veterinary care usually involves:

1. Blood tests to measure calcium, phosphorus, and PTH levels.
2. Urinalysis to check kidney function and look for stones or infection.
3. Imaging such as cervical ultrasound to locate enlarged parathyroid glands.
4. Comprehensive physical exam and medical history assessment.

This approach eliminates other causes of high calcium levels such as some cancers or metabolic diseases, enabling specific treatment planning.

Treatment options and prognosis

The most effective treatment is surgical removal of the affected parathyroid gland(s), which usually restores normal hormone balance and calcium levels. If surgery is not feasible or diagnosis is uncertain, exploratory procedures may be undertaken.

Post-operative monitoring of calcium is essential to manage any sudden drops or complications. Most dogs respond well to surgery and can live normal lives if treated promptly.

Long-term untreated hypercalcaemia can damage kidneys and other organs, highlighting the importance of early diagnosis and veterinary care. Responsible ownership means consulting your vet if symptoms arise and supporting appropriate diagnostics and treatment.

Supporting your dog with primary hyperparathyroidism

Beyond medical care, attentive owners should ensure that their dog has:

• Regular access to fresh water to manage increased thirst.
• A comfortable and stress-free home environment.
• Regular veterinary check-ups to monitor health and potential recurrence.
• Adherence to vet instructions regarding medication and post-surgery care.

Being aware of breed risks and subtle symptoms helps owners act swiftly to provide the best care, improving outcomes and quality of life. For those interested in find a Keeshond puppy or find a German shepherd puppy, ensure you source from reputable breeders who prioritise health screening and responsible breeding practices.