Hyperkeratosis in Dogs: Causes, Testing and Care Guide

Hyperkeratosis in dogs is a skin condition where areas of the nose or paw pads thicken and harden due to excessive keratin production. Not all dogs are affected in both areas; some show symptoms only on the nose or feet.

This condition may arise as a hereditary issue, especially associated with breeds like the Dogue de Bordeaux puppies, Irish terrier, and Kromfohrlander. Alternatively, it can be a secondary effect of other health issues such as canine distemper or zinc-responsive dermatosis. Responsible breeding includes DNA testing for Hereditary Footpad Hyperkeratosis (HFH) to reduce incidence.

This article explores hyperkeratosis in detail—its causes, genetic testing, prevention, and management to maintain your dog's comfort and well-being.

What is Hyperkeratosis?

Hyperkeratosis causes thickened, hardened skin on the dog's nose (nasal hyperkeratosis) or paw pads (foot pad keratosis). Keratin, the structural protein in skin, accumulates excessively, producing hard and often cracked skin, which may cause discomfort or pain.

The dry, cracked skin increases risk of infection and, when affecting feet, can impede walking. Additionally, claws may grow abnormally due to associated hyperkeratosis on the paws.

Causes of Hyperkeratosis in Dogs

Hyperkeratosis can develop from two primary causes:

• Hereditary predisposition—seen mostly in certain breeds with a genetic tendency. We highly recommend testing breeding dogs for HFH.
• Secondary condition—resulting from other diseases such as canine distemper, pemphigus foliaceus, leishmaniasis, or zinc-responsive dermatosis.

Understanding Hereditary Transmission

Hereditary Footpad Hyperkeratosis is inherited via an autosomal recessive pattern. This means:

• If both parents are clear, all puppies will be clear.
• If one parent is a carrier and the other clear, puppies have a 50% carrier chance but will not be affected.
• If both parents are carriers, 25% of puppies may be affected, 50% carriers, and 25% clear.
• If one parent is affected, all puppies will at least be carriers.

DNA Testing for Hyperkeratosis

DNA tests identify carriers and affected dogs, helping breeders make informed decisions. The Kennel Club recommends testing for breeds at higher risk, such as the Dogue de Bordeaux, Irish terrier, and Kromfohrlander.

This responsible approach reduces suffering and improves breed health by avoiding at-risk matings.

Preventing Hyperkeratosis

Genetic hyperkeratosis cannot be prevented in an affected dog; however, its occurrence in future litters can be minimised by careful DNA screening and breeding practices. Also, preventing or effectively treating underlying health issues reduces secondary hyperkeratosis risk.

Managing and Treating Hyperkeratosis

While hyperkeratosis cannot be cured, it can be managed to maintain a good quality of life:

• Regular visits to the vet for trimming excess hard skin, especially on feet.
• Application of moisturising balms to keep skin soft and prevent cracking.
• Monitoring to avoid and promptly treat infections at cracked or damaged areas.
• Ensuring comfortable bedding and minimal pressure on affected areas.

Effective management keeps discomfort low and supports your dog's mobility and happiness throughout life.

Common Questions About Canine Hyperkeratosis

What breeds are most affected by hyperkeratosis?

Breeds such as the Dogue de Bordeaux, Irish terrier, and Kromfohrlander have a higher genetic risk. However, brachycephalic breeds like Bulldogs may develop nasal hyperkeratosis due to their facial structure.

How is hyperkeratosis diagnosed?

A vet diagnoses hyperkeratosis by physical examination, noting thickened, hard skin and cracks. DNA testing supports hereditary diagnosis. Sometimes a skin biopsy may be done to rule out other conditions.

Can hyperkeratosis cause pain in dogs?

Yes, especially if the thickened skin cracks or fissures form, which can be painful and increase infection risk, affecting walking in foot pad cases.

Is hyperkeratosis contagious?

No, hyperkeratosis is not contagious between dogs as it is a genetic or secondary symptom, not an infectious disease.

Conclusion

Hyperkeratosis in dogs, whether hereditary or secondary, is a condition requiring attention for your pet’s comfort and health. DNA testing breeding dogs is vital to prevent hereditary cases. With consistent vet care and management, dogs affected can live comfortably and happily.

If you suspect your dog has signs of hyperkeratosis, consult your vet for diagnosis and treatment advice. Responsible pet ownership through informed breeding and care makes a difference.