Vaginal Hyperplasia in Dogs: Causes, Signs & Treatment

Vaginal hyperplasia in dogs is an estrogen-driven condition where the soft tissue around the vagina becomes excessively swollen during a female dog's heat cycle. This swelling may become so pronounced that it protrudes visibly from the vulva, sometimes forming a doughnut-shaped mass. Understanding this condition can help you recognise symptoms early and seek timely treatment, improving your dog’s comfort and health.

Breeds Most at Risk

While vaginal hyperplasia can occur in female dogs of any breed, some breeds appear more predisposed due to genetic factors and tissue structure. Boerboel puppies often top the list, closely followed by larger breeds that are intact and cycling. Other at-risk breeds include:

• Labrador Retriever puppies
• Chesapeake Bay Retriever puppies
• German Shepherd puppies
• English Springer Spaniels
• Treeing Walker Coonhounds
• Airedale Terrier puppies

Signs to Watch Out For

Vaginal hyperplasia presents in three degrees of severity and signs vary accordingly:

• Type 1: Mild swelling with slight vaginal tissue protrusion, mostly contained within the vulva.
• Type 2: More pronounced swelling with tissue visibly protruding outside the vulva.
• Type 3: Severe swelling causing a visible, doughnut-shaped mass protruding from the vulva.

Other symptoms include constant licking of the vaginal area, discomfort or pain when urinating (dysuria), and reluctance to mate. Watch carefully during your dog's heat cycle, especially if she belongs to a higher-risk breed.

Causes and Risk Factors

This condition is mainly caused by an exaggerated response to elevated estrogen levels during proestrus or estrus stages of the cycle. The hormonal stimulation causes the delicate vaginal tissue to swell aggressively. Some dogs may have a genetic predisposition to this condition. In severe cases, vaginal hyperplasia can result in prolapse, making urination difficult and potentially leading to complications.

Diagnosing Vaginal Hyperplasia

A veterinary physical examination makes diagnosis straightforward, as the swelling and tissue protrusion are usually evident. Vets classify the severity to determine appropriate treatment. Differential diagnoses such as vaginal tumours, clitoral hypertrophy, or true prolapses are considered to rule out other causes.

Current Treatment Options

Managing vaginal hyperplasia aims to protect the exposed tissue and promote healing while preventing secondary infections or trauma:

• Conservative Care: Keep the vaginal area clean and protected. Frequent cleaning and topical soothing ointments may be recommended.
• Prevent Self-Trauma: Use an Elizabethan collar to prevent licking or biting of the swollen tissue.
• Pharmacological Intervention: In some cases, vets may use hormonal treatments to induce ovulation and reduce estrogen stimulation.
• Surgical Options: Manual reduction with sutures can be attempted, though it is often uncomfortable and has a relatively high recurrence risk. In severe or recurrent cases, ovariohysterectomy (spaying) is recommended as it removes the hormonal cause and prevents future episodes.

Recurrence is common, so spaying your dog after treatment reduces this risk significantly. Early treatment improves prognosis and reduces complications such as tissue damage or infection.

Promoting Responsible Pet Care

If you own a breed at risk, understanding vaginal hyperplasia can help you intervene quickly. Regular veterinary check-ups during your dog's reproductive stages and considering early spaying if you do not plan to breed responsibly contribute to your pet's wellbeing. Responsible breeding practices also reduce the incidence of hereditary health issues.