Hypoglycemia in Dogs: Causes, Signs, Treatment & Care
Hypoglycemia in dogs occurs when blood sugar levels fall dangerously low, causing a loss of energy essential for vital organ function, particularly the brain. This condition demands immediate veterinary attention to prevent serious complications or fatality. Although commonly linked with diabetes and insulin overdoses, hypoglycemia can also arise from other health issues affecting glucose regulation.
Understanding Hypoglycemia Causes in Dogs
Hypoglycemia is typically a secondary condition resulting from an underlying problem. Its causes fall into physiological and pathological categories:
- Physiological Causes: Young or small puppies and toy breeds may experience hypoglycemia due to limited glycogen stores. Hunting or working dogs can develop it following prolonged intense exercise. Accidental insulin overdose in diabetic dogs or ingestion of toxins like xylitol also lead to low blood sugar. Starvation or inadequate nutrition are further contributors.
- Pathological Causes: Severe liver disease impairs glucose production. Endocrine disorders such as Addison's disease impact hormonal regulation of glucose. Insulinoma, a pancreatic tumour producing excessive insulin, can cause hypoglycemia. Other diseases including chronic kidney failure, pancreatitis, and some infections like sepsis may disrupt glucose balance.
Recognising Signs of Hypoglycemia in Dogs
- Lack of appetite (anorexia) or occasionally increased hunger
- Weakness, lethargy, and reduced energy
- Unsteady gait, disorientation, or confusion
- Blurred vision or "star-gazing" behaviour
- Shivering, tremors, or seizures
- Restlessness, anxiety, or palpitations
- Loss of consciousness or fainting in severe cases
Due to overlapping symptoms with other conditions, professional tests including blood glucose measurement are essential for accurate diagnosis.
Diagnosing Hypoglycemia: Veterinary Assessment and Tests
A comprehensive veterinary evaluation includes reviewing your dog's medical history and conducting a physical exam with blood sugar testing. In emergencies, owners should follow vet instructions closely, possibly over the phone, until professional help arrives. Once stabilised, further tests may include:
- Complete blood profile and chemical panels
- Complete blood count (CBC) to assess health status
- Urinalysis to check kidney and metabolic function
Treating Hypoglycemia in Dogs
Immediate treatment focuses on rapidly restoring blood glucose levels. If hypoglycemia is detected early, feeding your dog sugar or glucose orally might be sufficient. However, in severe cases where the dog cannot swallow, intravenous or injectable glucose administration at a veterinary clinic is lifesaving. After stabilisation, treatment targets the underlying cause, such as adjusting insulin doses or managing liver disease.
Living with a Dog Prone to Recurring Hypoglycemia
For dogs with chronic or recurrent hypoglycemia, a carefully managed diet rich in regular, balanced meals is crucial. Owners should monitor closely and be prepared to act quickly if symptoms reappear, consulting their vet regularly to prevent crises. Responsible ownership includes understanding this condition and ensuring timely veterinary care, which significantly improves quality of life and reduces risks.
By recognising signs early and providing informed care, dog owners can help their beloved pets manage hypoglycemia safely and comfortably.
