Infectious Laryngotracheitis in Chickens: Symptoms & Care Guide

Chickens can suffer from infectious laryngotracheitis (ILT), a contagious respiratory disease caused by a herpesvirus known as Gallid alphaherpesvirus 1. This virus infects the upper respiratory tract, primarily the larynx and trachea, causing inflammation and discomfort that can threaten the bird's life if untreated.

What is Infectious Laryngotracheitis?

ILT is a highly contagious disease spread mainly through inhalation or ingestion of viral particles shed by infected birds. It can also spread mechanically via contaminated equipment, clothing, and footwear. Recovered birds may become lifelong carriers, intermittently shedding the virus and risking new outbreaks, particularly when stressed. The virus causes inflammation in the windpipe (trachea), leading to breathing difficulties, coughing, and sometimes bloody mucus obstructing the airway.

Recognising the Symptoms of ILT

Early detection is vital for managing ILT effectively. Watch for these key signs in your chickens:

• Difficulty breathing (dyspnoea) and gasping for air, often mistaken for gape worm infestation.
• Coughing, sometimes accompanied by bloody mucus or plugs.
• Discharge from the eyes and nose, including conjunctivitis and sinusitis.
• Reduced egg production and lethargy.
• Swollen sinuses and respiratory noises such as wheezing or gurgling.

Severe cases can cause blood clots in the trachea that may lead to suffocation if not cleared.

Diagnosing Infectious Laryngotracheitis

Definitive diagnosis typically involves veterinary examination and laboratory testing. Vets may observe blood clots in the windpipe during examination, and in some cases remove them to prevent suffocation. Molecular tests like PCR can detect viral DNA. Often, biopsy or post-mortem histopathology reveals characteristic lesions such as intranuclear inclusion bodies.

Treatment Options for ILT

Since ILT is caused by a virus, antibiotics cannot clear it. However, antibiotics may be prescribed to prevent or treat secondary bacterial infections, common in afflicted birds. Anti-inflammatory medications may help alleviate breathing discomfort. Quarantining infected birds to reduce spread and providing a stress-free environment aid recovery.

For small flocks, eye drop vaccines are available, but require careful administration and consultation with a vet. These vaccines do not always prevent virus shedding but can reduce clinical severity.

Managing and Living with ILT

Because infected chickens become lifelong carriers, it is essential to manage their environment carefully:

• Maintain good ventilation in chicken housing year-round to reduce viral spread.
• Keep infected or recovered birds isolated from healthy ones.
• Clean and disinfect housing thoroughly using poultry-safe disinfectants capable of eliminating herpesviruses — your vet can recommend suitable products.
• Reduce stressors such as sudden changes, overcrowding, and extreme temperatures.
• Vaccinate larger flocks appropriately to reduce outbreaks and economic losses.

6 Ways to Protect Your Chickens from ILT

1. Ensure adequate ventilation in coops to prevent virus build-up.
2. Limit visitor access and disinfect footwear and equipment.
3. Quarantine new or returning birds before introducing to your flock.
4. Maintain hygiene by regular cleaning and disinfection of housing.
5. Consult your vet for vaccination options and early diagnosis.
6. Manage stress with consistent routines and proper nutrition.

Conclusion

Infectious laryngotracheitis is a serious respiratory condition in chickens caused by a herpesvirus that can severely impact bird health and production. Early recognition of symptoms, good biosecurity practices, veterinary care, and careful flock management are key to minimising the risks and effects of ILT. While viral infections are challenging, a well-informed, empathetic approach ensures your chickens get the best chance of recovery and long-term health.