Infertility in Dogs and Bitches: Causes and Solutions

Many dog owners think infertility is purely a human issue, but it affects animals too — including dogs. While spaying and neutering are common, infertility becomes a concern for breeders of quality pedigree dogs seeking to produce healthy litters.

This guide explores infertility in both male and female dogs, highlighting the causes, signs to watch for, and practical advice on improving fertility outcomes to support responsible breeding.

Understanding Causes of Infertility in Bitches

Infertility in female dogs can arise from complex causes which may be temporary or permanent. It often relates to either an inability to conceive or to carry puppies successfully to term.

Typical causes include:

• Dysmenorrhea, or absent heat cycles.
• Reproductive infections, including canine brucellosis (Brucella canis), which can cause contagious infertility and pregnancy loss.
• Canine herpesvirus infections.
• Anatomical issues such as narrow vaginal canals or blockages preventing successful mating or conception.
• Benign or malignant growths like tumours and cysts disrupting reproductive organs.
• Genetic predispositions, inherited health conditions, or poor conformation.
• Hormonal imbalances including hypothyroidism and hyperadrenocorticism.
• A history of inbreeding raising the risk of abnormalities and reduced litter sizes.
• Incorrect timing of mating outside the fertile period.
• Behavioural causes such as refusal to mate.

Identifying the exact cause is essential. Working with a veterinary professional to perform a thorough health evaluation and diagnostics can illuminate if the condition is reversible or permanent.

How to Spot Infertility Signs in Your Female Dog

Infertility often reveals itself following repeated unsuccessful mating attempts. Key signs include:

• Absent or irregular heat cycles.
• Very short or prolonged cycles limiting fertile windows.
• Refusal or aggression preventing mating.
• Multiple exposed matings without resulting pregnancy.
• Early miscarriages or resorptions.
• Breeding before two years old, which may produce smaller or no litters.

If you notice these signals, consult your vet promptly for investigation and guidance.

Common Causes of Infertility in Male Dogs

Male infertility can be challenging to detect. It may involve either physical or behavioural factors including:

• Sperm abnormalities such as low count, poor motility, or malformed sperm.
• Reproductive infections like canine brucellosis.
• Age extremes: very young or old males may have impaired fertility and smaller litters.
• Conformation limiting ability to mount, notable in breeds like French bulldogs with narrow hips.
• Injuries or illnesses impacting reproductive organs or libido.
• Refusal or disinterest in mating.

In some cases, artificial insemination may help overcome physical limitations, but sperm quality problems can be irreversible.

Recognising Infertility Signs in Male Dogs

Obvious signs of male infertility include a lack of interest in females in season and inability to successfully mount or ejaculate. Repeated matings without resulting pregnancies also indicate potential fertility issues.

Prompt veterinary assessment, including semen analysis, is recommended if you suspect a problem.

Improving Fertility and Responsible Breeding Practices

Successful breeding requires careful management:

• Monitor the Female's Cycle: Breed during the optimal fertile window—the last 4-5 days of estrus—to maximise conception likelihood. Use methods like vaginal cytology and hormone tests rather than relying solely on behaviour.
• Vet Health Screening: Regular health checks for infections, hormonal imbalances, and anatomical issues are crucial before breeding.
• Manage Genetic Risks: Avoid inbreeding to reduce congenital issues and infertility risks.
• Consider Artificial Insemination: For conformation challenges or certain infections, this can be a vital tool in ethical breeding.
• Maintain Good Male Health: Diet, exercise, and vet checks support fertility in studs.

Breeding responsibly protects the welfare of dogs and supports healthy future generations.

What You'll Need Before Considering Breeding

Before starting, ensure you have:

• Access to a veterinary surgeon experienced in reproductive health.
• Knowledge of your dog’s breed-specific fertility tendencies.
• Understanding of relevant UK breeding regulations and requirements.
• A plan for puppy care, socialisation, and rehoming with responsible owners.

Ethical breeding prioritises health and wellbeing over quantity and profit.

Common Questions About Dog Infertility

When is the best time to breed a bitch?

The fertile window is usually during the last 4-5 days of estrus, identified by monitoring ovarian cycles through veterinary methods rather than calendar days alone.

Can infections cause infertility?

Yes, infections such as Brucella canis and herpesvirus can cause infertility or pregnancy loss. Testing and treatment are important part of breeding preparation.

Are some breeds more prone to infertility?

Certain breeds with known hereditary issues or conformation challenges may be more at risk. For example, Rottweilers and German Shepherds may have hormonal causes like hypoluteoidism affecting fertility.

Can infertility be treated?

It depends on the cause. Hormonal imbalances or infections might be managed, while anatomical or genetic causes often cannot be fully reversed. Veterinary advice is essential.

Next Steps

If you suspect infertility in your dog or are planning to breed, consult your vet early for assessment and advice. Responsible ownership and good breeding practices ensure the best outcomes for you and your dogs.

For quality puppies and breeders, always seek reputable sources that prioritise health and temperament.