Intervertebral Disc Disease in Dogs: Symptoms, Causes & Treatment

Intervertebral Disc Disease (IVDD) is one of the most common spinal disorders affecting dogs. It arises when the cushioning discs between the vertebrae of the spine degenerate or herniate, causing pain, mobility issues, and sometimes paralysis. While older dogs are more at risk, certain breeds, particularly those with long backs and short legs, can develop IVDD at a younger age due to their anatomy.

What Are Intervertebral Discs and How Do They Work?

The spine contains several intervertebral discs that act as shock absorbers between each vertebra, allowing the spine to move freely except at the first two cervical vertebrae. Each disc consists of a tough, fibrous outer layer and a soft, jelly-like centre that cushions the vertebrae. When these discs become damaged or degenerate, they lose their ability to cushion shocks, potentially leading to herniation where the disc material presses on the spinal cord, causing significant pain and nerve impairment.

Breeds Most Prone to IVDD and Why

While IVDD can affect any dog, some breeds are genetically predisposed due to spinal conformation. Dachshund puppies, Basset Hound puppies, Sealyham Terrier puppies, Sporting Lucas Terrier puppies, and Shih Tzu puppies are notably at higher risk.¹ These dogs often suffer early onset degenerative changes because their discs lose hydration and become calcified prematurely.

Types and Causes of IVDD

There are three types of IVDD classified by Hansen:

• Type I: Commonly affects smaller, chondrodystrophic breeds. It involves sudden disc rupture typically between 2-6 years of age, causing acute symptoms.
• Type II: More gradual degeneration seen mainly in larger breeds aged 5-12 years. The disc bulges progressively and symptoms develop slowly.
• Type III (Acute Non-compressive): Sudden onset due to trauma or strenuous activity. Dogs often respond well to conservative treatment including cage rest.

Degeneration often arises due to loss of disc hydration, calcification, and mechanical stress leading to rupture or bulging that compresses the spinal cord.

Recognising the Signs of Intervertebral Disc Disease

Early detection is key to better outcomes. Dogs with IVDD often show localized pain on back or neck palpation. Additional signs include:

• Weakness in hind legs or all limbs
• Inco-ordination or wobbly gait
• Reluctance to move, jump or climb stairs
• Shivering, panting, or abnormal posture
• Loss of bladder or bowel control in severe cases
• Complete paralysis in critical cases

Diagnosing IVDD with Veterinary Care

Your vet will begin with a thorough medical history and physical examination, focusing on neurological function. Given breed predisposition and symptoms, they may suspect IVDD early. Imaging is essential: X-rays can reveal calcified discs, while MRI or CT scans provide detailed views of disc herniation and spinal cord compression for accurate diagnosis.

Treatment Options and Managing IVDD

Treatment depends on severity:

• Mild cases: Rest and pain relief medications can manage symptoms effectively. Physical therapy may support recovery.
• Severe cases: When dogs lose sensation including pain response, emergency surgical intervention to decompress the spinal cord is usually recommended to prevent irreversible paralysis.

Strict rest is vital to prevent further injury, typically through confinement in a crate or small area to limit movement. Surgery generally has a good prognosis if performed promptly, though dogs who have lost deep pain sensation have a guarded outlook.

Promoting Responsible Ownership and Prevention

IVDD cannot always be prevented but owners can reduce risk by maintaining a healthy weight for their dog, avoiding activities that strain the back, such as excessive jumping, and seeking prompt vet care if any symptoms arise. Responsible breeding practices aim to reduce IVDD incidence by screening breeding stock and selecting against the condition.

Summary and Next Steps

Intervertebral Disc Disease is a serious but manageable condition that especially affects certain breeds. Recognising early signs, prompt veterinary diagnosis, and appropriate treatment can greatly improve quality of life. For those considering getting a breed prone to IVDD, finding a reputable breeder and understanding the health risks is crucial.

If your dog shows signs of IVDD, contact your vet promptly for diagnosis and tailored care to support your beloved companion's wellbeing.

¹ Sources: PetMD, Carolina Vet, Cornell Vet