Laryngeal Paralysis in Dogs: Causes, Symptoms & Treatment

Laryngeal paralysis in dogs is a condition where the muscles responsible for opening the larynx (voice box) fail to work properly. This leads to a narrowing of the airway, causing difficulties in breathing that can progressively worsen over time. The affected muscle, the cricoarytenoideus dorsalis, is controlled by a long nerve that travels from the brain down the neck, loops around the heart, then returns to the larynx, making it vulnerable to damage or degeneration.

The Causes of Laryngeal Paralysis

The most common cause is a degenerative nerve disease often seen in older, large-breed dogs, typically over 10 years. This is frequently part of a broader syndrome known as Geriatric Onset Laryngeal Paralysis Polyneuropathy (GOLPP), which also affects other nerves, potentially leading to leg weakness and swallowing difficulties.

Some breeds have a predisposition to the condition, including the Bouvier de Flandres puppies, Bull Terrier puppies, and Dalmatian puppies. Genetic factors may contribute, especially in younger dogs, where congenital forms appear as early as three months old.

Other causes include nerve trauma from injuries such as bites or neck surgery, tumours affecting neck nerves, and medical conditions like hypothyroidism. Although middle-aged to older large dogs are mostly affected, small breeds and even cats can develop this condition.

Symptoms and Signs to Watch Out For

Recognising laryngeal paralysis early improves your dog's chance of successful treatment. Watch for these signs:

• Noisy or laboured breathing, particularly during exercise or in hot weather
• Coughing, choking, or gagging, especially when eating or drinking
• Changes in your dog’s bark or loss of voice
• Reluctance to exercise or move around
• Soft, persistent cough that may be mistaken for old age or heart problems

Symptoms often worsen with excitement, exertion, or heat stress, potentially leading to a life-threatening emergency that requires immediate veterinary care.

Diagnosing the Condition

Diagnosis involves a veterinary examination of your dog's breathing and vocal fold movement. Your vet will usually lightly sedate your dog to observe the larynx with a scope in a procedure called laryngoscopy. They will assess how well the vocal folds open and close during breathing. Additional tests like blood panels, thyroid tests, and chest X-rays help rule out other problems and check for complications such as aspiration pneumonia.

Treatments for Laryngeal Paralysis

Management depends on the severity. Mild cases may benefit from conservative care including weight management, restricted exercise, and avoiding heat.

More severe cases often require surgery known as arytenoid lateralization or "tie-back surgery", which permanently holds the vocal fold open to improve airflow. Surgery has a high success rate when performed by experienced vets and significantly enhances quality of life.

A possible complication is aspiration pneumonia following surgery, especially in dogs struggling with swallowing or those with megaoesophagus. Your vet will discuss feeding strategies post-surgery to minimise risks.

Prognosis and Long-Term Care

With early diagnosis and appropriate treatment, many dogs lead a comfortable, normal life. Some may continue to have a slight cough or noisy breathing when panting, but these generally do not diminish their wellbeing.

It's essential to seek prompt veterinary advice if you notice any breathing changes or coughing, even subtle, since timely intervention can prevent severe complications.

Questions You May Have

Can laryngeal paralysis affect all dog breeds?

Yes, while it is more common in older large breeds such as Labradors or Golden Retrievers, smaller breeds and even cats can develop laryngeal paralysis, including some congenital cases.

Is surgery the only treatment option?

Surgery is recommended for moderate to severe cases. Mild cases may be managed with lifestyle changes and monitoring, but surgery typically offers better breathing and quality of life.

How can I help prevent complications after surgery?

Following your vet’s feeding and care plan is vital to reduce risk of aspiration pneumonia. Ensure your dog eats slowly and safely until swallowing returns to normal.

Conclusion

Laryngeal paralysis is a progressive nerve disorder mainly affecting older dogs, leading to breathing difficulties. Recognising early symptoms, obtaining a proper diagnosis through veterinary examination, and following recommended treatments—including surgery when necessary—can greatly improve your pet’s quality of life. Always consult a vet promptly if you observe breathing changes to ensure your dog can breathe comfortably and safely.