Leptospirosis in Dogs: Causes, Symptoms & Prevention Guide

Leptospirosis is a bacterial infection affecting dogs, particularly dangerous for susceptible puppies as it can cause severe organ failure and death. Thankfully, with proper vaccination and awareness, it is now less common in the UK.

How does my dog get leptospirosis?

The disease is caused by different strains of Leptospira bacteria. Worldwide there are over 230 known strains, but in dogs and cats, only a few matter. In the UK, the most common strains affecting dogs are Leptospira icterohaemorrhagiae and Leptospira canicola. The bacteria are shed in the urine of infected animals, such as rats and foxes, which are common reservoirs in the UK.

Your dog can contract leptospirosis by sniffing or walking through areas contaminated with infected urine. They might also get it if the bacteria enter through an open wound or, rarely, by ingesting contaminated materials. Wet, stagnant water sources like puddles, ditches, or slow-moving streams can be hotspots for the bacteria.

Signs of leptospirosis in dogs

Symptoms vary widely and a dog might not show all at once. Key signs to watch for include:

• Jaundice: Yellowing of the skin, gums, and whites of the eyes due to liver damage.
• Raised temperature: Fever caused by infection.
• Increased thirst: Dogs may drink more to flush toxins.
• Lethargy: Unusual tiredness or excessive sleeping.
• Abdominal pain: Restlessness, vocalising, or hiding due to organ discomfort.
• Vomiting: Often bile-stained, resulting from the body trying to expel toxins.
• Bloody diarrhoea: A sign of severe gastrointestinal involvement.

Mildly infected dogs can recover fully, but some develop chronic infections and risk spreading leptospira. Puppies tend to be more vulnerable and the disease can progress rapidly to fatality if untreated.

Diagnosing leptospirosis at the vet

Your vet will take a detailed history including recent walks or exposure to water sources, and conduct a physical examination. Diagnosis involves blood and urine tests to detect signs of infection and organ involvement.

Blood tests typically show changes in white blood cells, elevated liver and kidney enzymes, and evidence of blood clotting disorders. Urine samples help identify the bacteria or abnormalities related to infection.

Sometimes the vet will conduct sensitive tests specifically for leptospira antibodies or DNA to confirm the diagnosis sooner, enabling prompt and appropriate treatment.

Treatment and care for leptospirosis

Early diagnosis is vital as treatment often requires hospitalisation for intensive care. Treatment usually includes:

• Fluid therapy via intravenous drips to support kidney function and flush toxins.
• Antibiotic therapy with doxycycline or penicillin, effective against leptospira bacteria.
• Medications to control vomiting and other symptoms.

Supportive care focuses on monitoring vital organs and preventing complications. Recovery time varies; some dogs may require weeks to regain full health.

Preventing leptospirosis: Vaccination and precautions

The most effective way to protect your dog is through vaccination, which is given annually in the UK following the primary course. Vaccines are updated regularly to match circulating leptospira strains, similar to the flu vaccine in humans.

Additional preventive measures include avoiding walks near stagnant water, drains, and areas where wildlife such as rats or foxes are common. Keep infected dogs isolated to reduce the risk of spread.

Leptospirosis and humans: What you need to know

Leptospirosis is zoonotic, meaning it can pass between animals and humans, though infection in people is relatively rare. Personal hygiene is crucial:

• Wash hands thoroughly after handling infected dogs or their urine.
• Clean clothes and any contaminated items with detergent.
• Disinfect outdoor areas where infected urine is present using bleach or household disinfectants. Leptospira bacteria only survive in moist environments and die quickly once dried.

If you suspect you have been exposed and develop symptoms like fever, muscle aches, or jaundice, seek medical advice promptly, informing your doctor about potential contact with infected animals. Treatment with antibiotics such as penicillin is typically effective.

Responsible pet ownership involves regular vaccination, good hygiene, and vet checks to protect both your dog and your family.

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