Leukocytosis in Dogs: Causes, Diagnosis & Care

Leukocytosis in dogs is a condition where there is an abnormally high number of white blood cells (leukocytes) in the bloodstream. This is usually a sign the dog's immune system is responding to an internal problem, such as infection or inflammation. Understanding the causes, diagnosis, and implications of leukocytosis can help you work with your vet to provide the best care for your canine companion.

The Causes of Leukocytosis in Dogs

Various conditions can lead to leukocytosis in dogs. These include:

• A bacterial infection, where the body produces more white blood cells to fight off pathogens.
• Fungal infections that stimulate the immune response.
• Parasitic infestations, which increase white cell production to combat parasites.
• Neoplasia - abnormal tissue growth that may be benign or cancerous tumours.
• Immune-mediated haemolytic anaemia, where the immune system attacks red blood cells.
• Toxins accumulating in vital organs causing damage and triggering immune response.
• Kidney disease, which can alter white blood cell counts.
• Stress and anxiety, occasionally causing elevated white blood cell levels due to physiological responses.
• Hyperplasia, an abnormal increase in bone marrow cell production affecting white blood cells.

Young dogs, especially females before their first season, may naturally have higher white blood cell levels. Also, female dogs in labour typically show increased leucocytes due to hormonal changes.

Understanding White Blood Cells in Dogs

White blood cells are essential for the immune system and consist of several types, each with specific roles:

• Neutrophils: The most common, targeting bacteria and fungi.
• Eosinophils: Combat parasitic infections and allergic reactions.
• Basophils: Involved in inflammatory responses and allergic reactions.
• Lymphocytes: Responsible for antibody production and immune regulation.
• Monocytes: Clean up dead cells and help with immune responses.

All these cells are produced in the bone marrow. An abnormal increase can signal underlying health issues, thus understanding their levels helps in diagnosing leukocytosis.

How Is Leukocytosis Diagnosed?

Diagnosing leukocytosis begins with a thorough veterinary consultation including a detailed medical history and symptoms observed by the owner.

Common diagnostic tests a vet will recommend include:

• Complete blood count (CBC) to measure the levels of different blood cells.
• Biochemistry profile to assess organ function and potential toxins.
• Urinalysis to check kidney health and detect infections.

These tests help rule out or confirm specific causes of leukocytosis such as infections, inflammation, or neoplasia.

Treatment and Responsible Care

Treatment depends on the underlying cause diagnosed by your vet. For infections, antibiotics or antifungal medications may be needed. If parasitic infestation is confirmed, appropriate antiparasitic treatments will be prescribed.

Cancer or immune-mediated diseases may require specialised therapy, including chemotherapy, immunosuppressants, or other interventions.

It is crucial to provide supportive care, including proper nutrition, reducing stress, and regular veterinary follow-ups. Responsible pet ownership calls for early intervention to prevent complications and improve your dog's quality of life.

When to See a Vet

If you notice signs such as lethargy, fever, loss of appetite, or abnormal behaviour in your dog, seek veterinary advice promptly. Early diagnosis of leukocytosis and its cause can significantly improve treatment outcomes.

Summary

Leukocytosis in dogs is an important indicator of underlying health issues, most often infections, inflammation, or cancerous processes. Understanding the types of white blood cells involved and working closely with your vet to diagnose and treat the cause promotes responsible pet care and helps maintain your dog's health and happiness.