Malocclusions in Dogs: Causes, Signs and Treatment
Puppies usually have 28 baby teeth by six months old, and as they mature, adult dogs typically have 42 teeth. When these teeth don’t fit together correctly, it causes misalignment known as malocclusions, which often begins when puppy teeth emerge and can worsen as adult teeth grow in, leading to discomfort or dental issues.
The very front small teeth on a dog’s upper and lower jaws are incisors, used to grasp food and keep the tongue inside the mouth. Behind the incisors are the canines, often called fangs, which also aid in grabbing objects. Premolars sit behind the canines and help cut through food, while molars at the back are for chewing.
1. Signs of a Problem to Watch Out For
Malocclusions may cause several difficulties for dogs, including:
- Periodontal disease due to plaque buildup
- Irritation where misaligned teeth rub against the mouth’s roof or floor
- Extra wear and tear on teeth
- Difficulty grabbing or chewing food properly
- Increased tartar and plaque accumulation
Soft tissue damage such as fistulas can develop if teeth rub excessively on the palate, leading to infection. Common malocclusion types include:
- Overbite (overshot jaw): upper jaw longer than lower jaw with gap between incisors
- Underbite (undershot jaw): lower jaw protrudes beyond upper jaw
- Level bite: jaws align evenly
- Open bite: front teeth don’t meet when the mouth is closed
- Anterior cross-bite: lower incisors grow in front of upper incisors despite correct premolars
- Posterior cross-bite: premolars overlap incorrectly
- Wry mouth: one side of jaw longer than the other
- Base narrow canines: lower teeth incline inward, potentially injuring the upper palate
A perfect scissor bite occurs when a dog’s premolars fit neatly into the spaces between the upper premolars. Flat-faced brachycephalic breeds, such as Shih Tzus puppies, Boxer puppies, Biewer Terrier puppies, and Lhasa Apso puppies, typically don’t have scissor bites and are prone to malocclusions.
2. What Causes Malocclusions?
Malocclusions stem from issues in the alignment of upper and lower teeth known as occlusion. A normal occlusion means the lower canine teeth fit just in front of the upper canines when the mouth closes. Genetic predisposition plays a major role, with certain breeds more susceptible due to inherited jaw and teeth structure. Environmental factors, such as retained baby teeth or injury, can also contribute to malocclusions.
3. Treatment Options and Management
Many dogs with malocclusions do not require treatment if they are comfortable and functional. However, when a misaligned tooth causes pain, injury to the mouth’s soft tissues, or difficulty eating, veterinary intervention may be necessary.
Treatment approaches include:
- Extraction of problematic baby or adult teeth to prevent damage
- Orthodontic treatments like braces or reshaping specific teeth (in specialised cases)
- Regular dental cleaning to reduce tartar and plaque, preventing periodontal disease
If your vet identifies malocclusions affecting your dog’s welfare, prompt treatment can enhance comfort and oral health. Early detection is key, especially since a dog’s bite typically sets around 10 months. Responsible acquisition from reputable breeders can help reduce inherited dental problems.
4. Maintaining Your Dog’s Dental Health
Regardless of malocclusion, maintaining good dental health is essential. Regular tooth brushing, professional check-ups, and dental diets or treats designed to reduce tartar help support overall oral hygiene and comfort.
When Can Puppies’ Teeth Start to Fall Out?
Quick Answer: Puppies usually begin to lose their baby teeth and have adult teeth emerge between 12 to 16 weeks of age.
This natural process is part of their development. Retaining baby teeth or irregular shedding might indicate dental problems including malocclusions. Regular veterinary dental checks are recommended to monitor healthy tooth replacement.
How to Buy a Dog Responsibly
Choosing a puppy from reputable breeders who prioritise health and temperament reduces the risk of hereditary problems like malocclusions. Avoid impulsive buys or puppy farms that often neglect dental and overall health screenings. Responsible ownership ensures your dog’s lifelong wellbeing.
Proper early care, dental examination, and veterinary monitoring provide the best outcomes for dogs with malocclusions.
