Maltese Dog Health: Hereditary Conditions & Testing Guide
The Maltese dog is a charming, small breed belonging to the toy group, originating from the Central Mediterranean, notably the island of Malta. Known for its long, silky, pure white coat, the Maltese is non-shedding, making it appealing for allergy sufferers but requiring diligent grooming. A popular lapdog and companion, the Maltese requires owners to understand not just coat care, but also the breed's health profile before commitment.
In this guide, we explore hereditary health concerns, longevity, and health testing recommendations essential for responsible ownership and breeding of Maltese dogs in the UK.
Maltese Dog Longevity and General Health
The Maltese typically lives between 12 and 15 years, positioning it as a relatively long-lived small breed. This lifespan reflects average care and genetic health; the upper range signifies good management and avoidance of hereditary health complications.
Genetic Diversity and Conformation
The breed maintains a measured coefficient of inbreeding at around 5.5%, within acceptable limits for pedigrees (below 6.25%). This suggests reasonable genetic diversity, important to help reduce the risk of inherited diseases. The Maltese's conformation is suitable for an active, healthy life with no expected structural issues; however, the long coat demands proper grooming to prevent matting and maintain good vision by trimming hair around the eyes.
Common Hereditary Health Issues in Maltese
Despite the breed’s overall robustness, Maltese dogs can be predisposed to several hereditary health conditions that breeders and owners should be aware of:
- Luxating Patella: This inherited condition involves the kneecap slipping out of place, which can cause lameness, discomfort, and may lead to arthritis or ligament damage. Responsible breeders screen for this to minimise incidence. Surgery might be required in severe cases.
- Patent Ductus Arteriosus (PDA): A congenital heart defect where a fetal blood vessel fails to close after birth, leading to abnormal blood flow and heart strain. Early detection through health screening is crucial; surgical correction often results in good outcomes.
- Liver Conditions: Some Maltese may develop congenital liver shunts or microvascular dysplasia, affecting liver function. Bile acid tests are useful for early detection.
- Other Conditions: These include acquired tremor syndrome, necrotising meningoencephalitis (an autoimmune brain disorder), myxomatous mitral valve degeneration, pyloric stenosis, portosystemic shunts, cataracts, eyelid malformations such as entropion, hydrocephalus, patellar luxation, hereditary deafness, and hypothyroidism. While not highly prevalent, regular veterinary assessment is advisable for early identification.
Health Testing Recommendations
To ensure the health of Maltese puppies and reduce hereditary problems, a combination of genetic and phenotypic health testing is recommended:
- Genetic Health Tests: DNA-based screening checks for mutations linked to inherited diseases. These tests help breeders identify carriers or affected dogs and prevent transmissions of conditions like luxating patella or heart defects.
- Phenotypic Testing: This involves veterinary clinical examinations, diagnostic imaging like x-rays and ultrasounds, particularly for detecting luxating patella and PDA, and routine physical check-ups.
Breeders responsible for finding a Maltese puppy should provide health testing proof, including heart screening and patella evaluations. Some also screen for conditions such as Brucellosis, though this is not universally mandatory.
Ongoing Health Management and Veterinary Care
Regular veterinary care is essential for maintaining Maltese health throughout life. Key recommendations include:
- Starting regular veterinary exams from puppyhood, including heart murmur checks and joint assessments.
- Annual or semi-annual visits for parasite control, vaccinations, dental care, and weight management.
- Prompt attention to any signs of neurological distress or behavioural changes potentially linked to conditions like syringomyelia or necrotising meningoencephalitis.
Owners should work closely with their vets for tailored health plans and continue responsible care to maximise their Maltese’s quality and length of life.
Responsible Ownership and Resources
Prospective and current owners should prioritise purchasing Maltese dogs from reputable breeders who demonstrate transparent health screening practices. Avoiding puppy mills or untested sources reduces the risk of hereditary diseases and supports ethical breeding.
The American Maltese Association and UK breed clubs offer valuable educational materials and support for choosing and caring for healthy Maltese dogs. Prospective owners are encouraged to request full health histories and test results before commitment.
When Can Maltese Puppies Leave Their Mothers?
Quick Answer: Maltese puppies should ideally stay with their mothers until they are at least eight weeks old to ensure proper socialisation, weaning, and health development.
Staying with the mother and littermates until at least the eighth week helps puppies develop crucial behaviours and immune support. Reputable breeders observe this guideline strictly to promote healthy, well-adjusted puppies ready for new homes.
Common Questions About Maltese Health Testing
What health tests are essential for Maltese dogs?
The key tests are for luxating patella and patent ductus arteriosus (PDA), combined with regular veterinary exams to monitor for other potential conditions.
Why is genetic testing important?
Genetic testing identifies carriers of hereditary diseases before symptoms appear, allowing breeders to make informed decisions and avoid passing problems to puppies.
How often should I have my Maltese checked by a vet?
Regular veterinary check-ups at least twice a year are advised to catch and manage health problems early, especially as the dog ages.
In conclusion, the Maltese dog is generally a healthy and long-lived breed, but understanding hereditary conditions and health testing is key to responsible ownership. With careful breeding, routine veterinary care, and informed owners, Maltese dogs can thrive as joyful companions for many years.
