Multiple myeloma in dogs: Understanding bone marrow cancer

German shepherd puppies are more predisposed than other breeds to develop multiple myeloma, a serious yet rare form of blood cancer affecting the bone marrow. This condition arises from malignant plasma cells within the marrow, cells that normally produce antibodies vital for fighting infections.

Multiple myeloma causes these abnormal plasma cells to accumulate, damaging bones and organs, notably the kidneys, and can profoundly impact your dog’s health. Early diagnosis and management greatly improve quality of life.

What is multiple myeloma in dogs?

Multiple myeloma is a cancer of the plasma cells, a specific type of white blood cell located in the bone marrow. Instead of protecting the body, the cancerous plasma cells create abnormal proteins that disrupt normal bodily functions. These cells can destroy bone tissue, causing pain, fractures, and systemic symptoms due to their spread.

Which dogs are at risk?

The exact cause of multiple myeloma remains unknown, but it primarily affects older dogs, typically between six and twelve years of age. The German shepherd breed shows a higher risk, suggesting a hereditary element. Both male and female dogs, whether neutered or not, are equally vulnerable.

Symptoms to watch for

Symptoms vary depending on disease progression and affected sites. Common signs include:

• Lameness in one or more limbs due to bone lesions affecting around half of diagnosed dogs
• Bone pain and weakness that may lead to partial or full loss of mobility
• Lethargy and reduced exercise tolerance
• Behavioural changes such as irritability or disorientation
• Increased thirst and frequent urination, often linked to kidney function impairment
• Laboured or noisy breathing
• Fever and poor blood clotting, leading to prolonged bleeding
• Pale mucous membranes and possible eye issues including inflammation, glaucoma, or detached retinas

Because of symptom variability and secondary complications, diagnosis is challenging and usually requires vet assessment, blood and urine tests, imaging such as X-rays or ultrasounds, and possibly specialist referral for biopsy.

How is multiple myeloma diagnosed?

Your vet will consider clinical signs alongside laboratory results showing abnormal proteins in blood or urine, high calcium levels, and organ function assessment. Imaging helps identify bone destruction. Definitive diagnosis often requires bone marrow aspiration to detect malignant plasma cells.

Treatment options and management

Multiple myeloma is generally incurable, but treatment can control symptoms and improve life quality. Options include:

• Chemotherapy: Most common treatment to reduce cancer cell proliferation and disease progression
• Radiotherapy: May be used for localized bone lesions
• Supportive care: Pain relief, prompt treatment of infections, and management of kidney issues are critical

Veterinary oncologist involvement is advisable to tailor treatment plans. Managing infections proactively is vital, as cancer patients are vulnerable to illness. Humane decisions regarding quality of life are essential throughout care.

Frequently asked question: Can multiple myeloma be treated successfully in dogs?

Quick Answer: While multiple myeloma in dogs cannot be cured, it often responds well to chemotherapy, which can control symptoms and extend quality of life for many months or more.

Detailed veterinary care including chemotherapy and supportive treatments can help manage the disease progression and relieve suffering. Early diagnosis improves treatment outcomes, and ongoing monitoring is needed to adapt care. Owners should work closely with their vets and veterinary oncologists to provide the best possible care for affected dogs.

Conclusion

Multiple myeloma, though rare, is a significant health concern that predominately affects older dogs and certain breeds such as the German shepherd. Recognising symptoms early and seeking prompt veterinary assessment can greatly aid in managing the disease. Although not curable, treatment through chemotherapy and supportive care offers the chance to improve your dog’s quality of life. Throughout care, focus on responsible pet ownership, maintaining comfort, and ethical decisions to support your beloved companion.