Neuroaxonal Dystrophy in Dogs: Causes, Signs & Care

Neuroaxonal dystrophy (NAD) in dogs is a rare, inherited neurodegenerative disease that primarily affects a dog's nervous system, causing swelling and degeneration of nerve cells in the brain and spinal cord. This progressive condition leads to various neurological problems, impacting a dog's coordination, balance, and sensory perception, often resulting in a poor prognosis.

What is Neuroaxonal Dystrophy?

Neuroaxonal dystrophy is caused by a genetic mutation, inherited in an autosomal recessive pattern, meaning a dog must inherit the faulty gene from both parents to develop the disease. Some studies indicate it might also appear as a secondary condition related to a deficiency in Vitamin E, exposure to toxins, or age-related degeneration, though the primary cause remains genetic.

Breeds Most at Risk of NAD

While NAD is rare, certain breeds show a higher predisposition. These breeds include:

• Border Collie puppies
• Chihuahua puppies
• Jack Russell Terrier puppies
• Labrador Retriever puppies
• Papillon puppies
• Rottweiler puppies
• Giant Schnauzer puppies

Other breeds may rarely be affected, but these are the most commonly reported.

Recognising the Signs of NAD

Early symptoms often include chronic ataxia, which means an uncoordinated gait affecting all four legs and worsening over time. Dogs with NAD may experience hypermetria, where they misjudge distances and overreach their steps. Other signs include tremors, cerebellar dysfunction (such as nystagmus, involuntary eye movements), weakness, and cognitive changes leading to reduced awareness of their surroundings.

For example, in Rottweilers, clinical signs may appear as early as a few months old, while in Border Collies, symptoms tend to emerge around 12 months of age.

How is Neuroaxonal Dystrophy Diagnosed?

Confirming a diagnosis of NAD is challenging during life. Vets rely on clinical signs and neurological exams to form a preliminary diagnosis, ruling out other conditions with similar symptoms through blood tests and imaging. Definitive diagnosis usually requires post-mortem examination of brain tissue to identify characteristic axonal swellings known as spheroids.

Are There Effective Treatments?

Currently, there is no cure or effective treatment for neuroaxonal dystrophy. Management focuses on providing supportive care to ensure affected dogs maintain the best possible quality of life. This includes comfortable living environments, assistance with mobility, and monitoring for secondary complications. Responsible breeders should use genetic testing to avoid breeding dogs that carry the gene to prevent this condition in future generations.

Understanding the Prognosis

The outlook for dogs diagnosed with NAD is unfortunately serious. The disease progresses steadily, often leading to paralysis, blindness, and other debilitating neurological issues. Most affected dogs succumb to the condition relatively quickly after the onset of symptoms due to its degenerative nature.

How to Support Dogs and Owners Facing NAD

Facing a diagnosis of NAD can be heartbreaking for dog owners. Compassionate, knowledgeable support is vital. Being informed about the condition, working closely with vets and canine neurologists, and considering palliative care options helps owners manage their pet's comfort.

For those seeking new dogs, it's important to choose reputable breeders who perform genetic testing to minimise inherited diseases like NAD. Adopting from recognised rescues and rehoming organisations also promotes responsible pet ownership.