Oxalate Nephropathy in Tibetan Terriers: Causes & Care

Many dog breeds, including the Tibetan Terrier, can develop urinary and kidney stones, with calcium oxalate stones being a common and difficult-to-treat type. These stones form when high levels of calcium oxalate in the urine crystallise and accumulate — sometimes developing specifically in the kidneys, a condition known as nephrolithiasis or oxalate nephropathy.

Why Tibetan Terriers and Similar Breeds Develop Calcium Oxalate Stones

Calcium oxalate is naturally present in small amounts in dogs' urine. Problems arise when these levels increase, causing crystals to form and stones to develop. The precise reasons behind crystal formation are not fully understood, but factors such as acidic urine pH and possibly genetic predispositions play a role. Research suggests that diet and breed are significant contributors, with smaller breeds, including Tibetan Terriers, being particularly susceptible.

Recognising the Signs of Kidney Stones in Dogs

Symptoms depend on where the stones are located in the urinary tract and can vary considerably between individual dogs. Common signs may include:

• Reduced urine volume each time the dog urinates
• Prolonged straining or effort when attempting to urinate
• Increased frequency of urination
• Excessive licking of the genital area
• Pink-tinged urine indicating the presence of blood

Noticing these symptoms early and seeking veterinary advice promptly can lead to better outcomes.

Other Small Breeds Prone to Oxalate Stones

Alongside Tibetan Terriers, several small and toy breeds have an increased risk of developing calcium oxalate stones. These include:

• Bichon Frisé
• Miniature Schnauzer
• Lhasa Apso
• Shih Tzu
• Pomeranian
• Cairn Terrier
• Yorkshire Terrier
• Maltese
• Keeshond

Diagnosis: How Vets Confirm Oxalate Nephropathy

Vets will take a detailed medical history and carry out a thorough abdominal and bladder examination. The following tests are commonly used to confirm the diagnosis:

• X-rays to detect stones in the urinary tract
• Urinalysis to assess urine pH and check for crystals or blood
• Blood tests to evaluate kidney function and general health

Treatment Strategies for Calcium Oxalate Stones

Calcium oxalate stones cannot be dissolved medically. In some cases, vets may perform urohydropropulsion, a non-surgical procedure to flush bladder stones out. If this is not possible, or if the stones are large, surgical removal under general anaesthesia may be necessary. Laser surgery is an option but is often costly. When stones form in the kidneys, surgery is usually avoided to prevent further kidney damage.

It is important to note that dogs prone to oxalate stones may experience recurrent episodes even following treatment.

Caring for Your Dog After Treatment

Following treatment, dogs require careful management and regular veterinary check-ups to monitor urine quality and kidney health. Owners should ensure their dog has constant access to fresh, clean water to help flush the urinary tract. Dietary adjustments recommended by the vet typically aim to maintain a healthy urinary pH balance. Feeding smaller, more frequent meals can help stabilise urine pH and reduce the risk of stone formation. Attentive and responsible care is essential to help dogs live comfortably after a diagnosis of oxalate stones.