Paroxysmal Dyskinesia in Welsh Terriers: Symptoms & Care Guide

Welsh Terriers are typically robust dogs, but like all breeds, they can face certain health challenges. One such condition increasingly recognised in this breed is paroxysmal dyskinesia (PD), a neurological disorder marked by sudden episodes of involuntary muscle activity affecting movement. This disorder is frequently mistaken for epileptic seizures, yet it differs significantly in presentation and management.

Understanding Paroxysmal Dyskinesia in Welsh Terriers

Paroxysmal dyskinesia derives its name from two key features: "paroxysmal" refers to the sudden onset of episodes, while "dyskinesia" describes abnormal, involuntary movements. Unlike epileptic seizures, dogs with PD remain fully conscious during attacks, though they lose control over muscle movements and may show unusual postures, repetitive motions, or spasms. Episodes can last from seconds to several minutes, sometimes occurring in clusters, and can significantly affect a dog's mobility and comfort.

The disorder originates in brain areas known as the basal nuclei or basal ganglia—regions responsible for controlling movement. Research has yet to pinpoint the exact cause, but current evidence suggests a genetic basis, making PD an inherited disorder in Welsh Terriers. Stress or excitement may serve as triggers, leading to increased episode frequency.

Breeds Most Affected by Paroxysmal Dyskinesia

While Welsh Terriers are among the breeds most frequently affected, other dogs can also develop PD or similar movement disorders. These breeds include:

• Border Terrier puppies
• Cairn Terrier
• Scottish Terrier
• Norwich Terrier
• Cavalier King Charles Spaniel puppies
• Boxer
• Dalmatian
• Bichon Frise
• Pug
• Chinook

Signs resembling PD have also been reported, though less commonly, in Jack Russell Terriers and Labrador Retrievers.

Signs and Symptoms to Watch For

Early recognition is important for managing PD. Key symptoms to watch for include:

• Spasms and cramping predominantly in the back legs
• Increased muscle tone (hypertonicity) in affected limbs
• Abnormal limb and body postures during episodes
• Preserved consciousness; your dog remains aware despite movement difficulties
• Episodes triggered by excitement or exercise

During an attack, a Welsh Terrier may lose voluntary control, and walking may be impaired. Observing and recording these episodes can be crucial for accurate diagnosis.

Diagnosis: Distinguishing PD from Seizures

Diagnosing paroxysmal dyskinesia can be challenging because symptoms mimic epileptic seizures. However, key features help differentiate PD:

• No loss of consciousness occurs during episodes
• Absence of typical seizure signs such as drooling, excessive salivation, or loss of bladder/bowel control
• Normal neurological exams and often normal MRI scans between episodes

Veterinarians usually rely on a detailed medical history, owner observations, and video footage of episodes for accurate diagnosis. Additional testing like MRI scans and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) analysis help exclude other neurological diseases.

Current Treatment Options and Management

There is no definitive cure for PD, and treatment aims primarily to manage symptoms and improve quality of life. Notably, standard anti-epileptic medications are often ineffective. Some dogs may respond well to a gluten-free diet, highlighting the importance of nutritional support.

Medication such as levetiracetam has been tried in certain cases, particularly those with exertion-induced episodes, with some reported benefits. Treatment is usually recommended only if attacks occur frequently (more than once a week). Managing environmental triggers like stress and excitement can also help reduce episodes.

Supporting Your Welsh Terrier

Living with paroxysmal dyskinesia requires understanding and patience. Ensure your dog receives regular veterinary care, maintain a calm environment, and monitor for changes in episode frequency or severity. Collaborate closely with your vet or a canine neurologist to adapt management plans as needed.

Early recognition and compassionate care can help affected Welsh Terriers lead fulfilling lives despite this challenging condition.

Conclusion

Paroxysmal dyskinesia is an inherited movement disorder that, while currently incurable, is increasingly understood in Welsh Terriers. Differentiating PD from epilepsy is crucial, as management strategies differ. With ongoing research, better diagnostic tools and treatments may emerge, giving hope to owners and dogs alike. Responsible breeding practices and genetic screening can also help reduce the incidence of this condition in the future.