Periodontal Disease in Dogs: Causes, Signs & Prevention

When you visit the dentist yourself, the importance of looking after your gums, preventing plaque, and maintaining proper dental hygiene is often emphasised. Dogs need the same care to keep their gums healthy, teeth sparkling, and breath fresh. The difference is, they can’t manage this themselves, so they rely on their owners for help.

Bacteria are the main cause of gum disease in dogs. After eating, bacteria, saliva, and food particles form plaque on teeth, much like in humans. While we can brush and rinse, dogs are far more prone to periodontal disease—up to five to six times more likely than humans. In fact, over 80% of dogs are affected by the age of two, making it a widespread and serious condition.

Why are dogs so susceptible to periodontal disease?

One main reason is that dogs have a more alkaline environment in their mouths. This encourages the growth of plaque-forming bacteria. Once plaque forms, it triggers an immune response where white blood cells attempt to fight the bacteria. Unfortunately, this leads to inflammation of the gums (gingivitis), which can progress to destruction of the bone and other supporting tissues around the teeth. If untreated, this can cause teeth to loosen and fall out.

Periodontal disease develops in stages, from mild gum inflammation to severe bone loss and tooth loss. Advanced disease can be extremely painful and cause jaw bones to become brittle, even breaking with minor trauma. The bacteria can also spread through the bloodstream, potentially affecting major organs such as the heart, liver, and kidneys.

What are the obvious signs your dog might have gum disease?

Often, the first noticeable sign is bad breath that becomes progressively worse. If you check your dog’s mouth, you may see plaque buildup which feels slimy, gums that are red, swollen, or bleeding, and teeth that appear yellow or brown. Teeth may become loose or even fall out without you noticing right away.

Behavioural signs include a decreased appetite or refusal of favourite treats, avoidance of chewing toys, or visible discomfort when eating. You might also spot blood in saliva or on toys and bowls. Your dog may shy away from having their mouth or head touched, or chew only on one side. These signs mean it’s time for a veterinary check-up as untreated periodontal disease causes pain and health risks.

How can you prevent periodontal disease in your dog?

Prevention is possible with dedication, similar to how you care for your own teeth. Brushing your dog’s teeth twice daily is the gold standard for removing plaque and reducing bacteria. Starting this routine as a puppy helps your dog get used to it, making it easier to maintain lifelong dental health. Your vet can advise you on the best toothbrushes and toothpaste suited for your dog’s needs.

Diet matters too — some veterinary diets and treats are formulated to reduce plaque buildup by mechanically cleaning the teeth or including ingredients that stop plaque hardening. Avoid sugary human foods and unsuitable chew toys that may harm teeth.

Regular dental check-ups every six months with your vet allow early detection and professional cleaning when necessary. Early periodontal disease (gingivitis) is reversible, but if left untreated, treatment may involve dental scaling, antibiotics, or even tooth extractions.

Are some breeds more prone to gum disease?

Yes, smaller breeds often have crowded teeth, making them more susceptible to dental disease. Breeds such as Dachshunds, Yorkshire Terriers, Toy Poodles, Chihuahuas, and Cavalier King Charles Spaniels are among those most prone to this condition.

Choosing reputable breeders who prioritise dental health and responsible breeding practices is essential if purchasing a puppy. Always consider adopting from rescue organisations as well.

Signs and recommendations FAQs

How painful is periodontal disease for dogs?

Quick Answer: Periodontal disease can cause significant pain for dogs, affecting their ability to eat, chew, and enjoy daily life comfortably.

Detailed Explanation: As gum tissue becomes inflamed and the bone deteriorates, the teeth become loose and the dog can experience chronic pain, particularly when chewing. This pain often leads to changes in eating habits and behaviour. In advanced stages, painful infections or abscesses can develop, requiring veterinary intervention to relieve suffering.

Can periodontal disease affect other organs in dogs?

Quick Answer: Yes, bacteria from periodontal disease can enter the bloodstream and impact organs like the heart, liver and kidneys.

Detailed Explanation: Oral bacteria can enter the dog's bloodstream during normal activities such as chewing or brushing. This can cause inflammation and infection in vital organs, potentially contributing to serious diseases like endocarditis and kidney disease. Regular dental care is crucial to reduce this risk and protect your dog’s overall health.