Progressive retinal atrophy (PRA) in dogs: Symptoms & care

Progressive retinal atrophy (PRA) in dogs is an inherited genetic disease causing gradual degeneration of the retina, leading to progressive vision loss and eventual blindness. It affects the light-sensitive cells in the eye, starting with impaired night vision before affecting daytime sight. Since PRA is genetic, no environmental or contagious factors cause it.

What is progressive retinal atrophy in dogs?

PRA is a group of inherited diseases that cause the retina's cells, specifically rods and cones, to deteriorate over time. Rods, which allow vision in low light, are affected first, leading to night blindness. Later, cone cells responsible for daylight and colour vision fail, resulting in complete blindness. The disease is painless and affects both eyes equally.

Which dog breeds are most prone to PRA?

Any dog with inherited genetic mutations linked to PRA can develop the condition, including mixed breeds with susceptible ancestry. However, certain breeds are more commonly affected, such as the Poodle puppies, Labrador puppies, Akita puppies, Cocker Spaniel puppies, Papillon puppies, Samoyed puppies, Tibetan Terrier puppies, Tibetan Spaniel puppies, and Siberian Husky puppies.

Symptoms and signs of PRA in dogs

PRA usually manifests between three and eight years of age. Early symptoms include difficulty seeing in low light or darkness and reluctance to move around in twilight conditions. As it progresses, pupils become dilated and may appear reflective or shining in dim light. In some cases, cataracts develop, causing a cloudy or milky lens appearance, which can complicate diagnosis.

The vision loss is gradual, taking months or years. Dogs often adapt well using other senses such as smell and hearing. Owners may not notice until vision loss is advanced.

Diagnosing Progressive Retinal Atrophy

If PRA is suspected, a vet will take a detailed history, including the dog’s genetic background. A thorough eye examination using an ophthalmoscope is performed. If cataracts are present, which obstruct the view, an electroretinogram (ERG) may be necessary under general anaesthetic to measure retinal function. Referral to a veterinary ophthalmologist can ensure accurate diagnosis and assessment of severity.

Treatment and managing life with a dog with PRA

Currently, no cure or effective treatment exists to reverse PRA. Antioxidant therapy and antioxidant-rich diets are sometimes recommended in an attempt to slow disease progression, but evidence is limited. Research into gene therapy is ongoing but not yet a practical treatment option.

Dogs with PRA require careful management to maintain quality of life. They rely more on consistent routines, familiar surroundings, and verbal cues during training as their vision declines. Owners should avoid moving furniture frequently and ensure hazards are minimised indoors and outdoors.

When outside, blind dogs must be kept on a lead near roads or dangerous areas. Providing safe, stable environments helps reduce stress and promotes confidence for a dog adapting to vision loss.

Preventing PRA through responsible breeding

Since PRA is hereditary, responsible breeding practices are crucial. DNA testing of prospective parent dogs for PRA-related gene mutations can identify carriers. Breeders committed to reducing PRA ensure they do not use dogs carrying high risk for breeding. Prospective puppy buyers are encouraged to ask breeders for health test results to confirm responsible screening and care.

Conclusion

Progressive retinal atrophy (PRA) is a serious genetic eye disease leading to progressive blindness in many dog breeds. While incurable, early identification allows owners to adapt their dog's environment and lifestyle to maintain the best quality of life. Responsible breeding with genetic testing can help reduce future cases of PRA. Consulting your vet or a specialist is essential if you suspect PRA in your dog.