Protein-Losing Enteropathy (PLE) in Dogs: Causes, Symptoms & Care

Protein-losing enteropathy (PLE) in dogs is a complex digestive syndrome that causes excessive loss of protein from the bloodstream into the gastrointestinal tract due to intestinal disease or lymphatic abnormalities. This protein loss can lead to dangerously low protein levels in the body, known as hypoproteinemia, which may prove fatal if untreated.

PLE can affect dogs of any age or breed but is more frequently seen in certain pedigree breeds such as the soft-coated wheaten terrier, Yorkshire terrier, Basenji, and Norwegian lundehund. Early recognition and professional veterinary care are essential to manage this serious condition effectively.

Understanding Protein-Losing Enteropathy in Dogs

Protein-losing enteropathy is not a single disease but a syndrome that results from various conditions damaging the intestinal lining or affecting the lymphatic system in the gut. The damaged intestines fail to reabsorb proteins that normally leak from the bloodstream, causing persistent protein loss into the digestive tract. This loss overwhelms the body's ability to replenish proteins, leading to malnutrition and related complications.

Which Dogs Are Most at Risk of PLE?

While PLE can occur in any dog, research and clinical observations highlight a higher incidence in specific breeds predisposed genetically. These include the soft-coated wheaten terrier, Yorkshire terrier, Basenji, and Norwegian lundehund. It affects males and females equally and can manifest at any age, although some breeds might show earlier onset.

Common Causes of Protein-Losing Enteropathy

PLE develops secondary to various underlying intestinal or systemic diseases that impair protein absorption. Key causes include:

• Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD): Chronic inflammation causing damage to the intestinal wall.
• Intestinal Lymphangiectasia: Dilation of intestinal lymph vessels disrupting nutrient absorption.
• Intestinal Cancers and Lymphoma: Neoplastic growths impairing gut function.
• Infectious Enteritis: Viral, bacterial, fungal, or parasitic infections such as Giardia.
• Food Allergies and Sensitivities: Causing intestinal irritation and damage.
• Intestinal Ulcers and Mechanical Diseases: Including chronic foreign bodies or intussusception.
• Disorders of the Lymphatic and Hormonal Systems: Influencing protein transport and absorption.

Symptoms to Watch For in Dogs with PLE

Symptoms vary and can be subtle or severe, often overlapping with other gastrointestinal diseases. Careful observation is critical. Common signs include:

• Chronic or severe diarrhoea, sometimes intermittent.
• Unexpected weight loss despite a normal appetite.
• Lethargy and decreased interest in exercise.
• Visible abdominal swelling from fluid accumulation (ascites).
• Rapid breathing or breathlessness after moderate activity.
• Swollen feet and limbs caused by fluid retention (edema).

Diagnosing Protein-Losing Enteropathy

Your veterinarian will perform a thorough physical examination and review the dog's medical history. Diagnostic tests may include blood panels to check protein levels (including albumin), urine analysis, and imaging such as abdominal ultrasound or x-rays to identify intestinal abnormalities or underlying causes such as cancer or infection.

In some cases, biopsies of intestinal tissue may be needed to confirm the diagnosis and differentiate PLE from other intestinal conditions.

Treatment and Long-Term Management

Treatment focuses primarily on identifying and managing the underlying cause. This may involve immunosuppressive medications for inflammatory diseases, antibiotics or antiparasitics for infections, surgery for mechanical issues, and special veterinary diets that are highly digestible and support protein absorption.

Regular monitoring through blood tests and clinical evaluations is essential to assess treatment effectiveness and adjust care plans. In severe protein deficiency cases, emergency interventions such as blood transfusions may be lifesaving.

Owners should work closely with their vet to provide a supportive environment, maintain an appropriate diet, and promptly report any changes in symptoms.

Promoting Responsible Breeding and Ownership

Many breeds prone to PLE benefit from careful breeding practices to minimise genetic risks. Prospective dog owners should seek puppies from reputable breeders committed to health screening and ethical practices.

Responsible ownership includes early health checks, appropriate veterinary care, balanced nutrition, and regular monitoring to ensure dogs remain healthy and comfortable.

When to See Your Vet

If your dog shows any signs of diarrhoea, unexplained weight loss, lethargy, or swelling, consulting a vet promptly can be crucial. Early diagnosis and intervention give your dog the best chance for a good quality of life.

How to Find a Puppy Responsibly

If you are considering adding a dog to your family, use trustworthy resources like the Kennel Club Find a Puppy service or local rescue centres. Avoid impulsive purchases and verify breeder credentials to support healthy, well-cared-for puppies.