Scottish terrier hereditary health and longevity guide

The Scottish terrier, affectionately known as the "Scottie dog," is a small, compact, and sturdy breed with a distinctive glossy coat, long beard, and proud character. Typically seen in black, white, or brindle, with black as the most common, this terrier has a rich history rooted in the Scottish Highlands.

Interest in this breed often surges following high-profile wins such as Knopa's Best in Show title at Crufts 2015, highlighting the breed's appeal and prompting many to consider owning or breeding Scotties. As popularity grows, understanding hereditary health and longevity becomes even more crucial for prospective owners and breeders alike.

Breed Overview and Size

The Scottish terrier belongs to the terrier group of small dog breeds, standing up to 9.8 inches tall at the withers, and weighing up to 22 pounds, with males generally a bit heavier than females. Their build is short and low to the ground, which affects their running ability but contributes to their iconic silhouette.

Scottish Terrier Longevity

The lifespan of a Scottish terrier generally ranges between 11 to 13 years, placing them around the average for similar-sized breeds. With attentive care, some can live beyond 14 years, underscoring the benefit of good health management and responsible ownership.

Genetic Diversity and Breeding Practices

Pedigree Scottish terriers typically have a coefficient of inbreeding around 6.6%, slightly above the ideal threshold of 6.25%. While some inbreeding can be necessary to maintain breed standards, excessive inbreeding may lead to increased health risks like smaller litter sizes, higher foetal mortality, and hereditary disorders.

Responsible breeders work diligently to reduce this coefficient where possible to maintain the breed's vitality and improve genetic fitness. Prospective owners should seek reputable breeders who prioritise health testing and genetic diversity.

Physical Characteristics and Care

• The Scottish terrier's coat requires regular brushing and grooming to prevent matting and skin problems. Owners should be mindful of maintaining a clean, tidy coat to support skin health.
• The breed’s distinctive build features a head proportionally large compared to the body, which can pose challenges during delivery—around 60% of Scotties require caesarean sections.
• Their short legs mean they are not suited to sustained flat-out running but are lively, playful companions.

Recommended Health Testing

Health testing is an essential part of responsible Scottish terrier breeding. The Kennel Club and the British Veterinary Association advise testing for Von Willebrand’s disease, a hereditary blood clotting disorder affecting both males and females. Test results should be transparent and shared with potential puppy buyers.

Key Hereditary Health Issues

While Von Willebrand's disease is the primary recommended health test, Scottish terriers may be prone to a number of other hereditary conditions. Importantly, not every dog will develop these, but knowing a dog’s lineage and health history is valuable for predicting potential risks:

• Scottie Cramp: A neurological disorder unique to this breed causing temporary muscle spasms and stiff gait, often triggered by excitement or exercise. Typically non-painful and manageable with veterinary advice.
• Bladder Cancer (Transitional Cell Carcinoma - TCC): Scotties have a significantly increased genetic risk—over 20 times that of other breeds. This serious condition affects the breed’s overall health and longevity and requires early veterinary monitoring.
• Cushing’s Disease: An endocrine disorder caused by an overproduction of corticosteroids leading to various health complications if untreated.
• Haemophilia: Another bleeding disorder affecting clotting capacity, which can be critical during injuries or surgery.
• Eye Issues: Including cataracts and lens luxation that can impair vision.
• Cerebellar Abiotrophy: A degenerative neurological condition impairing coordination and movement.
• Myasthenia Gravis: An autoimmune neuromuscular disorder affecting muscle strength.
• Atopy: Allergic hypersensitivity to environmental proteins like pollen, leading to itching and skin inflammation.
• Demodicosis: A skin condition caused by Demodectic mange mites.
• Dilated Cardiomyopathy: A heart condition that can lead to heart failure.
• Cancers: Besides bladder cancer, melanoma, nasal cancer, bladder cancer, and cutaneous lymphoma may occur.
• Craniomandibular Osteopathy: Abnormal growth of the facial bones causing discomfort.
• Malassezia Dermatitis: A yeast infection of the skin causing irritation.

Responsible Ownership and Health Management

Owners and breeders share responsibility for the health and longevity of Scottish terriers. Responsible breeders conduct genetic testing, reduce inbreeding, and share health information transparently. Owners benefit from regular veterinary care, appropriate vaccinations, and monitoring for signs of hereditary diseases.

Maintaining a healthy lifestyle with balanced nutrition, proper exercise suitable for the breed’s build, and regular grooming also contribute to improving quality of life and extending lifespan.

Questions to Ask When Finding a Scottish Terrier Puppy

Prospective owners should ask breeders about:

• Health testing results, particularly for Von Willebrand’s disease and other hereditary conditions.
• The health history of the puppy’s parents and lineage.
• Breeding practices and efforts to maintain genetic diversity.
• Vaccination, microchipping, and socialisation protocols.

Summary and Next Steps

The Scottish terrier is a proud, loyal breed with a moderate lifespan averaging 11 to 13 years. While generally hardy, they have specific hereditary health concerns, especially bladder cancer and neurological disorders like Scottie Cramp.

By choosing puppies from reputable breeders who practise health testing and responsible breeding, and by providing attentive care, owners can support their Scottie's health and longevity effectively.

Regular veterinary check-ups and early detection are key to managing hereditary conditions. With responsibility and care, Scottish terriers continue to thrive as beloved companions.