FAQs About Canine Cushing’s Disease and Syndrome

Cushing’s disease, also called hyperadrenocorticism, occurs when a dog’s adrenal glands produce excessive cortisol, a vital corticosteroid hormone. This condition leads to a wide range of health changes and symptoms that deserve careful attention from concerned owners.

This article answers common questions about Cushing’s disease in dogs, explaining what it is, how it’s diagnosed, treated, and what signs to watch for. Understanding this condition helps you advocate best for your furry friend’s wellbeing.

What is Cushing’s disease in dogs?

Cushing’s disease, medically termed pituitary-dependent hyperadrenocorticism (PDH), arises when tumours on the pituitary gland cause excess production of adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH). This hormone overstimulates the adrenal glands, which then secrete too much cortisol.

Cortisol is essential for regulating blood sugar, metabolism of fats, proteins, and carbohydrates, and modulating the immune system. Yet chronically elevated levels can disrupt multiple body systems and affect overall health.

It is important to distinguish Cushing’s disease from Cushing’s syndrome, which is caused by tumours on the adrenal glands themselves and accounts for about 15% of hyperadrenocorticism cases in dogs.

What causes Cushing’s disease in dogs?

Most cases of Cushing’s disease stem from benign pituitary gland tumours. These tumours increase ACTH production, which overstimulates adrenal glands leading to elevated cortisol.

Cushing’s syndrome, a related but different condition, involves adrenal gland tumours directly producing excessive cortisol.

There is also iatrogenic Cushing’s, caused by prolonged corticosteroid medication like prednisolone prescribed for other ailments.

What are the symptoms of Cushing’s disease in dogs?

Symptoms usually affect many body areas simultaneously, often progressing slowly. Watch for combinations of any of these signs:

• Increased appetite and thirst
• Weight gain and pot-bellied abdomen
• Increased urination
• Muscle loss, especially in hind limbs
• Hair loss (alopecia) and thinning coat
• Darkened skin (hyperpigmentation) and fragile skin
• Lethargy or decreased activity
• Increased panting not related to exercise
• Difficulty moving or stiffness
• Lumps under the skin
• Recurring infections and poor healing
• Sleeping more during the day, increased night activity
• Changes in behaviour such as irritability or snappishness
• Pancreatitis in some cases

How is Cushing’s disease diagnosed?

If you notice several symptoms, consult your vet promptly. Diagnosis involves multiple tests including:

• Blood tests checking cholesterol, liver enzymes and white blood cell count
• Hormonal tests measuring cortisol levels, including the ACTH stimulation test and low-dose dexamethasone suppression test
• Urinalysis to evaluate cortisol-to-creatinine ratios
• Imaging such as abdominal ultrasound to inspect adrenal glands and rule out other problems

How is Cushing’s disease treated?

Treatment depends on the underlying cause. For iatrogenic Cushing’s, vet supervision to adjust steroid medications is key to managing symptoms.

Medications like Lysodren (mitotane) or Trilostane (Vetoryl) are commonly prescribed to reduce cortisol production. Lysodren works by affecting adrenal tissue and indirectly the pituitary; Trilostane inhibits cortisol synthesis.

Ongoing monitoring is crucial. Dogs may need regular vet appointments, blood tests, and urine checks to adjust medication dosages and manage side effects.

In rare cases, surgery or radiation therapy is considered when tumours are accessible and other treatments insufficient.

Can behaviour change with Cushing’s disease?

Yes, some dogs show altered behaviour such as increased food aggression, irritability, or changes in sleep-wake patterns. These changes are related to hormonal imbalances and should be discussed with your vet.

Which breeds are prone to Cushing’s disease?

Middle-aged and older dogs are more commonly affected, with some predisposition in small breeds including terriers, poodles, and dachshunds. However, any dog can develop the condition.

Can Cushing’s disease be prevented?

There is no prevention for tumours causing Cushing’s disease or syndrome. However, careful management and monitoring of corticosteroid medications can reduce the risk of iatrogenic Cushing’s.

What should I do if I suspect my dog has Cushing’s disease?

Quick Answer: If you notice signs like increased thirst, urination, appetite, or lethargy, consult your vet immediately for diagnosis and testing.

Early diagnosis can improve management outcomes and quality of life. Keep track of any changes in your dog’s habits or appearance, and never adjust medication doses yourself. Work closely with a reputable vet for ongoing care.

How can I find registered breeders or adopt a dog responsibly?

For those considering getting a dog, we encourage finding a healthy puppy from reputable breeders registered with official bodies like The Kennel Club. Adoption from shelters is also a compassionate choice.

Responsible ownership includes regular vet visits, proper diet, exercise, and preventative healthcare to keep dogs healthy throughout life.

For more about finding a puppy, see our guide on finding or buying puppies.

Summary

Canine Cushing’s disease is a complex hormonal disorder caused mainly by pituitary tumours, resulting in excessive cortisol. Recognising symptoms early and working with your vet for diagnosis and management can help your dog maintain a comfortable and fulfilling life. Monitoring, appropriate medication, and compassionate care are central to successful outcomes.

We hope these FAQs help you understand this condition better and underscore the importance of responsible dog ownership and veterinary partnership.