Spleen problems in dogs: symptoms, diagnosis and treatment

The spleen is a significant organ in the canine body, playing crucial roles in blood storage, filtering old blood cells, producing red blood cells, and supporting the immune system. While not commonly discussed, spleen problems in dogs are not unusual and require prompt veterinary attention for the best outcomes.

Splenectomy, or surgical removal of the spleen, can be a life-saving procedure for dogs facing critical spleen conditions such as ruptures or tumours. This article explores common spleen problems in dogs, their symptoms, diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis to help responsible dog owners recognise when to seek urgent care and what to expect.

What is the spleen and its function in dogs?

The spleen is located on the left side of a dog’s abdomen, near the stomach. It is a slipper-shaped organ, larger than the kidney but smaller than the liver, and rich in blood vessels, giving it a deep red colour.

Its primary function is to act as a blood reservoir and filter. It helps produce red blood cells, breaks down old or damaged blood cells, and fights infection as part of the immune system. While important, dogs can live without a spleen because other organs and systems compensate for its functions.

Common spleen problems in dogs

Several conditions can affect the dog's spleen, including:

• Splenic tumours: These can be benign or malignant. A particularly aggressive cancer called haemangiosarcoma grows rapidly and may spread to other organs.
• Ruptured spleen: Can happen due to trauma like accidents or a tumour breaking open, causing life-threatening internal bleeding.
• Inflammation and infections: Blood infections or abdominal infections may enlarge the spleen.
• Splenic torsion: A twisting of the spleen cutting off blood supply, causing pain and swelling.

Symptoms of spleen problems in dogs

Signs may appear suddenly or develop gradually depending on the cause:

• Tiredness or lethargy
• Swollen or distended abdomen
• Loss of appetite
• Pale gums indicating anaemia
• Weakness or collapse in cases of rupture
• Shock symptoms such as rapid heartbeat and pale mucous membranes

If you notice any of these signs, especially sudden weakness or collapse, it is a medical emergency and veterinary assessment should be sought immediately.

Diagnosing spleen problems in dogs

A vet will take a full history and perform a physical examination, seeking details about accidents or symptoms onset. Diagnostic steps include:

• Blood tests to check for anaemia, infections, or clotting issues
• Abdominal X-rays to identify enlargements or masses
• Ultrasound imaging for clearer visualization of the spleen and surrounding organs
• Sometimes additional tests such as CT scan, biopsy, or fluid analysis if tumour suspected

Treatment options for spleen problems

Treatment depends on the severity and cause of the spleen condition:

• Surgical removal (splenectomy): Often necessary for ruptures or tumours. Dogs typically recover well with appropriate postoperative care.
• Supportive care: Fluid therapy to stabilise the dog before and after surgery, blood transfusions if significant blood loss occurred.
• Medications: Antibiotics to prevent infections, pain relief, and drugs to prevent nausea.
• Additional treatments: Chemotherapy may be considered if malignancy is confirmed.

Prognosis and living without a spleen

Dogs can live full lives without their spleen, although they may tire more easily and need careful monitoring. Early detection and treatment greatly improve outcomes, especially if the tumour has not spread.

If a malignant tumour like haemangiosarcoma has metastasised, humane euthanasia might be the kindest option. Responsible pet owners should rely on veterinary advice for these difficult decisions.

Conclusion

Spleen problems in dogs range from mild inflammation to life-threatening ruptures or cancers. Recognizing symptoms early, securing rapid diagnosis, and following veterinary recommendations for treatment can save lives. Surgical removal of the spleen is a common and generally well-tolerated procedure that may allow dogs to continue enjoying their lives with proper care and rest.

For those considering adding a dog to their family, always seek a healthy puppy from reputable breeders or adoption groups to promote the welfare of animals and reduce the risk of inherited health issues.