Sunken Eyes in Dogs: Causes, Signs & When to See a Vet

If you notice your dog’s eyes appear unusually sunken, recessed deeper into the skull than normal, this can understandably cause concern. Medically referred to as enophthalmia, or "eyeballs recessed within the orbit," this condition can arise from various underlying causes, ranging from minor issues to serious health problems.

Understanding Normal Eye Position in Dogs

Dogs' eyes are naturally set within sockets, or orbits, which provide protection. While many breeds have a typical eye position, some naturally have prominent, bulging eyes called exophthalmos, such as the Pug puppies, French bulldog puppies, and Pekingese puppies. Getting familiar with your dog’s usual eye shape and position helps you spot abnormalities sooner.

What Causes Eyes to Appear Sunken?

Several mechanisms can cause eyes to appear sunken:

• Atrophy of the fat pads beneath the eyes, which normally cushion the eyes in their sockets.
• Spasm of the retractor muscle under the eye, pulling the eyeball back.
• Damage to nerves of the sympathetic trunk, affecting one side of the face.
• Masses or tumours around the eye pushing the eyeball inward.

Whether one or both eyes are affected informs diagnosis.

Sunken Eye in One Eye Only (Unilateral)

Eye Injury or Infection

A physical injury or infection such as conjunctivitis or ulcers can cause muscle contraction around the eye and loss of fluid, leading to a sunken appearance. This is usually painful and should prompt urgent veterinary assessment.

Tumours and Masses

Slow-growing tumours or lumps near the eye can cause it to sink gradually. These require veterinary examination to determine the nature and treatment options.

Horner’s Syndrome

A neurological condition resulting from damage to the sympathetic nerves supplying the eye and face. It often affects only one side and causes symptoms including a sunken eye, drooping eyelid, constricted pupil, and prominence of the third eyelid. Causes may include neck injuries, ear infections, intervertebral disc disease, or pressure from collars.

Sunken Eyes in Both Eyes (Bilateral)

Dehydration

Severe dehydration causes fat pads around the eyes to shrink and loss of fluid in the eyeball itself, resulting in a gaunt, sunken appearance. This is often accompanied by other signs such as lethargy, dry gums, and loss of skin elasticity, and is considered a veterinary emergency.

Emaciation and Weight Loss

Significant weight loss or malnutrition leads to loss of fat, including the support around the eyes, making them appear sunken.

Systemic Illnesses

Conditions affecting the entire body, such as infections like Parvovirus, neurological diseases, or tetanus, can also result in sunken eyes. These illnesses require immediate veterinary diagnosis and treatment.

When to See a Vet and What to Expect

Any sudden change in your dog’s eye appearance deserves prompt veterinary attention. Your vet may perform a thorough eye examination, neurological assessment, and diagnostic tests like blood work or imaging to identify the cause. Early diagnosis enables timely treatment, improving outcomes and comfort for your dog.

Remember, responsible pet ownership includes noticing subtle changes in your pet’s health and seeking professional advice early. Protect your companion by monitoring their eyes regularly and maintaining regular vet check-ups.