Testing for Elbow Dysplasia in Dogs: Breed Risks & Screening

Elbow dysplasia in dogs is a hereditary condition that causes abnormal development of the elbow joints, leading to pain, restricted movement, and an abnormal gait. Early detection through testing is crucial, especially for breeding dogs, to prevent passing this disease onto future generations.

While surgery may help in some cases, it is costly and not always a practical option for every dog. This article details the testing methods, risk factors, and interpretation of results for elbow dysplasia in dogs.

What is Elbow Dysplasia?

Elbow dysplasia is a common hereditary skeletal condition and is the leading cause of forelimb lameness in large and giant dog breeds. The elbow joint is complex, comprising bones, cartilage, ligaments, tendons, and muscles. Dogs are born with normal elbows, but as they grow, abnormalities in the bones and cartilage—called primary lesions—develop and worsen.

Symptoms usually appear before a dog reaches two years old, although some giant breeds may show signs later. Affected dogs often have a distinctive, irregular gait and may bob their heads when walking due to forelimb discomfort. The condition may affect one or both elbows, with bilateral involvement significantly reducing mobility and causing pain. Sometimes lameness only becomes noticeable after exercise.

You can read more about elbow dysplasia, including treatment options, in this article.

How is Elbow Dysplasia Tested?

Since elbow dysplasia is inherited, testing dogs intended for breeding is critical to avoid passing it on. The Kennel Club and British Veterinary Association organise a screening scheme focused on detecting this condition in at-risk dogs before breeding.

The primary testing method involves taking X-rays of the dog's elbows, which are assessed by specialists who assign a score from 0 to 3. A score of 0 means clear elbows, and 3 indicates severe dysplasia. If a dog’s elbows have different scores, the higher score is the one considered for breeding suitability.

Owners must have their veterinarian take the necessary X-rays and submit them for evaluation through the official scheme. The Kennel Club recommends that only dogs scoring 0 on both elbows should be used for breeding to reduce the incidence of elbow dysplasia across breeds.

Additional Diagnostic Methods

Veterinarians may also carry out physical examinations to localise pain and assess lameness. If further detail is needed, advanced imaging such as CT scans can reveal more about bone and soft tissue health, especially if X-rays are inconclusive. In some cases, arthroscopy—a minimally invasive surgical procedure—allows direct visualisation of the joint and can help with both diagnosis and treatment during the same operation.

Breeds Most Prone to Elbow Dysplasia

Large and giant breeds are most susceptible, with certain breeds recommended for routine screening by The Kennel Club. These include the Rottweiler puppies, Great Dane puppies, and Golden Retriever puppies. Other breeds at heightened risk include Labrador Retrievers, Bernese Mountain Dogs, German Shepherds, Newfoundlands, and others.

For breed-specific health advice and to check if your breed is recommended for elbow scoring, visit The Kennel Club's Breed Health Information Centre.

Which Dogs Should Be Tested?

Testing should focus on adult breeding stock, not the puppies, as elbow dysplasia signs may not be apparent before two years of age. Both the sire and dam should have a score of 0 to be considered for breeding to minimise the risk of inherited elbow problems in their litter.

More details about testing costs, risk assessment, and the official screening scheme are available on The Kennel Club’s elbow dysplasia information page.

Why Is Responsible Breeding Important?

Elbow dysplasia is a painful, lifelong condition affecting a dog’s quality of life. Responsible breeders use testing data to avoid mating dogs with elbow dysplasia or borderline scores. This practice reduces the number of affected dogs over time, helping to improve breed health overall.

If you’re considering adding a dog to your family, aim to find one from reputable breeders who prioritise health testing, including elbow scoring when appropriate. This reduces the likelihood of hereditary health issues and supports ethical breeding standards.

You can find puppies from such responsible breeders who test for inherited conditions effectively.