The basics of caring for a tortoise: Essential guide

Thirty or forty years ago, tortoises were a very common pet in the UK, and most streets had a couple of families that would have a tortoise wandering around the garden in the summer, and boxed up carefully to hibernate during the cooler months of the year. However, tortoise ownership is a lot less common these days because of greater awareness of their complex care needs, their classification as exotic pets, and import restrictions on vulnerable breeds.

Tortoise ownership can be a deeply rewarding experience for many people who appreciate their fascinating nature and impressive lifespan. However, keeping a tortoise requires far more commitment than just buying one and feeding it lettuce! This guide introduces the essential basics of tortoise care, aiming to provide clear perspective before deciding to get one.

Tortoise ownership and UK law

Many tortoise species are protected under UK legislation due to their rarity or vulnerability in the wild, monitored through CITES (Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species) and related EU law. Depending on the species you choose, you will need a legal permit to own it, which acts like a pet passport and must accompany the tortoise when ownership changes.

Before acquisition, it is vital to research species status on the CITES database and ensure all proper documentation is received from reputable sources or breeders. Unauthorised possession can lead to legal consequences.

Recognising species and their care needs

Tortoises vary widely in species, ranging from small breeds to giants with lifespans that may exceed your own and span generations. Different species have distinct needs regarding diet, housing, humidity, and temperature.

It is crucial to educate yourself on identifying species at various life stages to avoid being misled by sellers about the tortoise’s age or breed. For example, a tiny tortoise sold as an adult might be a juvenile of a large species that will grow significantly, impacting care and space requirements.

Feeding your tortoise: What to know

Tortoise diets differ substantially across species. While many assume tortoises are strict herbivores, some, like Red-footed tortoises, are omnivores needing a balanced diet including occasional protein to meet nutritional needs.

Your tortoise will primarily graze on grasses and weeds like dandelions, avoiding fruit and processed foods which are generally inappropriate. Commercial tortoise diets can help supplement nutrition but are not complete alone.

Provide fresh water daily in a shallow clay terracotta saucer which offers stability and allows your tortoise to soak safely without risk of drowning or flipping, a common hazard with smoother water dishes.

Safe and appropriate housing

Outdoor grazing in gardens on warm days is enjoyable but must be combined with secure housing that shields your tortoise from predators, extreme weather, and escape risks.

Young tortoises and species requiring higher humidity, such as Red-footed tortoises, thrive in controlled indoor setups with humidity maintenance. All enclosures should provide a temperature gradient with basking and cooler zones to allow thermoregulation.

Small species like Russian and Herman tortoises require outdoor enclosures with minimum dimensions around 8x4 feet to permit proper exercise and grazing.

Understanding brumation in tortoises

Brumation is the reptilian equivalent of hibernation but not obligatory for all species. Some tortoises require brumation to stay healthy, others can brumate, and some do not brumate at all. Accurate species-specific research is essential before attempting this delicate process.

Improper brumation can harm your tortoise, so follow expert guidance. For more detailed instructions on preparing your tortoise for hibernation, see this article.

Creating the ideal environment: Temperature, humidity & lighting

Providing a temperature gradient is fundamental. A basking spot should offer warmth roughly between 30°C to 38°C (85°F to 100°F), depending on species, with cooler areas to help your tortoise regulate its body temperature effectively.

Humidity requirements vary; closed setups are recommended for species with life-long high humidity needs such as Red-footed tortoises. Use appropriate substrates like reptile-safe bark or cypress mulch, which are safe and help retain moisture.

UVB lighting is vital indoors, supplying 10 to 12 hours daily to support calcium metabolism and shell health.

Health care and ongoing welfare

Regular veterinary checkups with a vet specialising in exotic animals are crucial for early detection of health issues, including shell problems, respiratory infections, parasites, or nutritional deficiencies.

Daily observation for changes in behaviour, appetite, shell condition, or mobility helps maintain well-being. Responsible owners understand the long-term commitment tortoises demand and are prepared to provide consistent care over decades.

Conclusion

Caring for a tortoise is a lifelong endeavour that brings extraordinary satisfaction and connection to these ancient creatures. By understanding the legal requirements, choosing the right species, providing proper diet, housing, and attention to health, you create a nurturing environment for your pet.

This guide covers the foundational knowledge needed to begin your journey responsibly. For detailed species-specific care, ongoing research and consultation with reptile experts and reputable breeders are strongly advised.